Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1978 Volume 8

In this current volume of Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology we have chosen to continue with the multiple-theme approach that was developed in Volumes 1, 3, and 5 of this series. Immunobiology still shows little sign of decreasing its active growth rate, but rather is continuing to broaden its range of interests and applications, particularly as new techniques and methods are adapted from other fields of medical research. This present volume reflects both several of the more classical areas of immunology now addressed in the light of contemporary immunology, and several newer directions that have been taken in other fields. The general subject of T-cell heterogeneity and functions of T-cell subpop­ ulations is addressed in Chapters 1 and 2. The potential role of genes of the major histocompatibility complex in controlling the immune functions of T lymphocytes still remains a major unresolved issue in immunogenetics, and the current status of this problem is excellently reviewed by J. F. A. P. Miller. The further elucidation of functional subpopulations of human T lymphocytes has been particularly hampered by the lack of available markers for character­ izing and isolating such sUbpopulations. A major step in this direction has been made by L. Moretta, M. Ferrarini, and M. D. Cooper, who review their ex­ perience with Fc-receptor-bearing human T-Iymphocyte populations.

1 Influence of Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex on theReactivity of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes.- I. Introduction.- II. Constraints Imposed on T-Cell Activities by Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex.- III. Implications of MHC-Imposed Restrictions for Antigen Perception by T Lymphocytes.- IV.MHC-Linked Ir Gene Control of Immune Responsiveness.- V.Relationship between MHC-Imposed Constraints and MHC-Linked Ir Gene Control of Immune Responsiveness.- VI.Concluding Remarks.- VII.References.- 2 Characterization of Human T-Cell Subpopulations as Defined by Specific Receptors for Immunoglobulins.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Features of Distinct T-Cell Subpopulations and Their Receptors for Immunoglobulins.- A. Preparation of Purified Human T Cells.- B. Rosette Techniques for Detection of Receptors for IgM and IgG.- C. Specificity of T-Cell Receptors for IgM and IgG.- D. Receptors for IgM and IgG Discriminate between Distinct Subpopulations of T Cells.- E. Turnover of Receptors for IgM and IgG on T Cells.- F. Tissue Distribution of T.M and T.G Cells.- G. Morphology of T.M and T.G Cells.- III. Functional Analysis of T.M and T.G Cells.- A. Response to Mitogens and Allogeneic Cells.- B. Response to Pokeweed Mitogen as an in Vitro Model for Human T- and B-Cell Interactions.- C. Identification of T.M Cells as “Helper” Cells.- D. Suppressor Capacity of T.G Cells.- E. Mode of Suppression by T.G Cells.- IV. T.M and T.G Cells in Immunodeficiency Diseases and Malignancies.- A. Immunodeficiencies.- B. Leukemias.- V. Concluding Remarks and Speculations.- VI. References.- 3 Metazoan and Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Nude Mice.- I. Introduction.- II. Nematodes.- A. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.- B. Ascaris suum.- C. Other Nematodes.- III. Cestodes.- A. Hymenolepis Species.- B. Taenia taeniaeformis.- C. Mesocestoides corti.- IV. Trematodes.- A. Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica.- V. Protozoa.- A. Giardia muris and Hexamita muris.- B. Plasmodium and Babesia Species.- C. Other Protozoa.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- VII. References.- 4 In Vitro Induction and Expression of T-Cell Immunity to Tumor-Associated Antigens.- I. Introduction.- II. Methodology.- A. In Vitro Induction of Tumor-Specific Immunity.- B. In Vitro Assay of Tumor-Specific Immunity: 51Cr Release.- C. Important Parameters of Induction and Assay.- D. Cellular Competitive Inhibition in Vitro Assay.- III. Induction of CL in “Unstimulated” Cultures.- IV. Role of theMHC at theInductive Phase of T-Cell Immunity in Vitro to TAA.- V. Role of theMHC at theEffector Phase of Tc Immunity in Vitro to TAA.- VI. Comments and Conclusions.- VII. References.- 5 Systemic and Local Immunity in Allograft and Cancer Rejection.- I. Introduction.- II. Histology of Allograft Rejection and Host Response against Solid Tumors.- A. Histology of Allograft Rejection.- B. Changes in theCentral Lymphatic System during Allograft Rejectionll.- C. Histology and Prognostic Significance of Host Response to Cancer.- D. Histological Studies of in Situ Mechanisms of Antitumor Defense.- E. Changes in the Central Lymphatic System during Tumor Growth.- III. Effector Mechanisms in the Central Lymphatic System.- A. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Allograft Rejection.- B. Functions of theCytotoxic T Lymphocytes.- C. Central Effector Mechanisms in Antitumor Responses.- IV. Isolation of Infiltrating Cells and Antibodies from Allografts and Tumors.- V. Identification of Infiltrating Cells in Allografts and Tumors.- A. Composition of Cellular Infiltrates in Allografts.- B. Receptor Specificity of Allograft-Infiltrating Cells.- C. Immunological Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Cells from Histological Sections of Solid Tumors.- VI. Effector Mechanisms Inside Allografts and Tumors.- A. Functional Analysis of Allograft-Infiltrating Cells.- B. Role of Antibody in Allograft Destruction.- C. Functional Analysis of Effector Cell Populations in Tumor Infiltrates.- D. Role of Antibody in Solid Tumors.- VII. Correlations between Local and Systemic Immunity.- A. In Antiallograft Responses.- B. In Antitumor Responses.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- IX. References.- 6 Natural Killer Cells in theMouse: An Alternative Immune Surveillance Mechanism?.- I. Introduction.- II. General Characteristics of theNK System.- III. Specificity of Mouse NK Cytolytic Activity.- IV. Effector Cell Analysis.- A. NK Cells Lack Characteristics of Mature T Cells.- B. NK Cells Lack Characteristics of B Cells and of Monocyte-Macrophages.- C. Relationship between NK Activity and ADCC.- D. NK Cells Possess HP Receptors.- E. Non-T-Cell Nature of Genetically Controlled Tumor Resistance.- VI. Influence of Genetic and Nongenetic Factors on NK Activity.- A. Age Influence on in Vitro NK Activity.- B. Age Influence on in Vivo Tumor Resistance.- C. Effect of Tumor Induction and of Immunization with Tumor Cells on NK Activity.- D. Induction of NK Cell Activity by Bacterial Adjuvants ..- E. Genetic Analysis of NK Activity.- F. Genetic Analysis of Resistance to YAC Cells in Semisyngeneic Mice.- VI. Relationship between NK Activity and Resistance to Hemopoietic Grafts.- VII. Generation of NK Cells in Vivo.- A. Dependence on Intact Bone Marrow Function.- B. NK Function Is Preprogrammed at thePrecursor Cell Level.- C. Role of theThymus.- D. Role of theSpleen.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- IX. References.- 7 Allotypes of IgM and IgD Receptors in theMouse: A Probe for Lymphocyte Differentiation.- I. Lymphocyte Surface Immunoglobulin.- A. Use of Antiimmunoglobulin Sera to Study Lymphocyte Receptors.- B. What Classes of Immunoglobulin Are Present on the Surface of Lymphocytes?.- II. Preparation of Antisera to Murine IgD.- A. Antigen Purification by Affinity Chromatography.- B. Antibodies to IgD in Murine Alloantisera.- III. Allotypes of Murine IgM.- A. Antibodies to IgM in “Conventional” Antiallotype Sera.- B. Antibodies to IgM in Antilymphocyte Alloantisera.- C. Specificity Analysis by Radioimmunoassay.- IV. Immunofluorescence Studies of Surface IgM and IgD.- A. General Method for theStudy of Lymphocyte Surface Alloantigens by Indirect Immunofluorescence.- B. Organ Distribution of Surface IgM and IgD.- C. Ontogeny of IgM and IgD Receptors.- D. Surface Immunoglobulin on Antibody-Containing Cells.- E. Capping of Surface IgM and IgD.- F. Allelic Exclusion and Haplotype Exclusion.- V. Implications for Organization of Immunoglobulin Heavy-Chain Genes.- A. The Heavy-Chain Linkage Group.- B. Shared V Regions, Class Switches, Haplotype Exclusion, and Clonal Restriction.- VI. Functional Role of B-Cell Receptors.- A. Immature Cells.- B. Mature Cells.- VII. Summary.- VIII. References.- 8 Immunoglobulin Isotype Expression.- I. Introduction.- II. Ontogeny of Immunoglobulin Isotypes.- III. In Vitro Activation of Mouse B Cells.- IV. Conclusions.- V. References.