Geothermal Water Management Sustainable Water Developments - Resources, Management, Treatment, Efficiency and Reuse Series

Availability of and adequate accessibility to freshwater and energy are two key technological and scientific problems of global significance. At the end of the 20th century, the deficit of water for human consumption and economic application forced us to focus on rational use of resources. Increasing the use of renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency is a challenge for the 21st century. Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth, accumulated in hydrothermal systems or in dry rocks within the Earth?s crust, in amounts which constitute the energy resources. The sustainable management of geothermal energy resources should be geared towards optimization of energy recovery, but also towards rational management of water resources since geothermal water serves both as energy carrier and also as valuable raw material. Geothermal waters, depending on their hydrogeothermal characteristics, the lithology of the rocks involved, the depth at which the resources occur and the sources of water supply, may be characterized by very diverse physicochemical parameters. This factor largely determines the technology to be used in their exploitation and the way the geothermal water can be used. This book is focused on the effective use of geothermal water and renewable energy for future needs in order to promote modern, sustainable and effective management of water resources.

The research field includes crucial new areas of study:

? an improvement in the management of freshwater resources through the use of residual geothermal water;

? a review of the technologies available in the field of geothermal water treatment for its (re)use for energetic purposes and freshwater production, and

? the development of balneotherapy.

The book is aimed at professionals, academics and decision makers worldwide, water sector representatives and administrators, business enterprises specializing in renewable energy management and water treatment, working in the areas of geothermal energy usage, water resources, water supply and energy planning. This book has the potential to become a standard text used by educational institutions and research & development establishments involved in the geothermal water management.

Section I Resources, geochemical properties and environmental implications of geothermal water

1. A global assessment of geothermal resources
Marek Hajto &Anna Sowizdzał1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions and classification of geothermal resources
1.3 Methods of regional assessment of geothermal resources
1.4 New concepts of geothermal resources classification
1.5 Results of geothermal resources assessment

2. Reinjection of cooled water back into a reservoir
Leszek Pajak & Barbara Tomaszewska2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mathematical model for assessing the conditions for injecting water into a rock formation
2.3 Injection of saline water into rock formation
2.4 Summary

3. Geothermal and hydrogeological conditions, geochemical properties and uses of geothermal waters of the Slovakia
Dušan Bodiš, Anton Remšík, Radovan Cernák, Daniel Marcin, Zlatica Ženišová & Renáta Flaková3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geological structure
3.3 Characteristics of geothermal bodies
3.4 Geothermal waters' chemical composition
3.5 Abstraction and thermal energy potential of geothermal waters

4. Resources, geochemical features and environmental implications of the geothermal waters in the continental rift zone of the Büyük Menderes,Western Anatolia, Turkey
N. Özgür4.1 Introduction
4.2 Geologic setting
4.3 Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry
4.4 Resources and geothermal potential
4.5 Environmental implications
4.6 Model of the geothermal waters in the rift zone of the Büyük Menderes

Section II Treatment of geothermal water for reuse

5. Analytical procedures for ion quantification supporting water treatment processes
Ewa Kmiecik5.1 Introduction
5.2 Groundwater sampling
5.3 Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program
5.4 QA/QC program in geothermal water monitoring – the case of Banska PGP-1 well (Banska Nizna, Poland)
5.5 Summary

6. Treatment of geothermal waters for industrial and agricultural purposes
Nalan Kabay, Pınar Yanar Sözal, Emre Yavuz, Mithat Yüksel & Ümran Yüksel6.1 Introduction
6.2 Geothermal potential of Turkey
6.3 Main utilization areas of geothermal energy
6.4 Environmental issues
6.5 Chemistry of geothermal fluids
6.6 Treatment of geothermal water

7. Removal of boron and arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange
Nalan Kabay, Idil Y. Ipek, Pelin K. Yilmaz, Saba Samatya, Marek Bryjak, Kazuharu Yoshizuka, S. Ali Tuncel, Ümran Yüksel & Mithat Yüksel7.1 Introduction
7.2 Removal of boron from geothermal water by ion-exchange
7.3 Removal of arsenic from geothermal water by ion-exchange

8. Membrane techniques in the treatment of geothermal water for fresh and potable water production
Michał Bodzek & Krystyna Konieczny8.1 Introduction
8.2 Desalination methods
8.3 Concentrate utilization
8.4 Integrated desalination systems
8.5 The consideration of energy issues in water desalination
8.6 Economic analyses of desalination processes
8.7 Final remarks

9. Review of direct discharge and recovery of reverse osmosis concentrates
Raquel Ibáñez, Antia Pérez-González, Javier Pinedo, Pedro Gomez, Ana Maria Urtiaga & Inmaculada Ortiz9.1 Introduction
9.2 Global desalination overview
9.3 RO desalination: characteristics and drawbacks
9.4 RO concentrates: influence of production site
9.5 Adverse effects of current ro concentrate management options
9.6 Treatment technologies of ro concentrates: review

10. Geothermal water treatment in Poland
Barbara Tomaszewska10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characteristics of geothermal waters
10.3 Research methodology
10.4 Results and discussion
10.5 Conclusions

Section III The uses of geothermal water in agriculture

11. Coupling geothermal direct heat with agriculture
Jochen Bundschuh, Barbara Tomaszewska, Noreddine Ghaffour, Ihsan Hamawand, Hacene Mahmoudi & Mattheus Goosen11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sustainability by integrating geothermal options into agriculture
11.3 Geothermal direct heat applications
11.4 Agriculture within the cascade system of geothermal direct heat utilization
11.5 Geothermal energy for thermal water desalination
11.6 Geothermal greenhouses development heating/cooling, ventilation, humidification, desalination
11.7 Geothermal aquifers as freshwater source
11.8 Conclusions

Section IV The uses of geothermal water in balneotherapy

12. Short history of thermal healing bathing
Barbara Kiełczawa12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Americas
12.3 Asia and the Middle East
12.4 European countries

13. Balneological use of geothermal springs in selected regions of the world
Barbara Kiełczawa13.1 Introduction
13.2 Africa
13.3 The Americas
13.4 Asia and Middle East
13.5 European countries
13.6 SPA, wellness and health resort organizations
13.7 Summary

14. The importance of an integrated analytic approach to the study of physico chemical characteristics of natural thermal waters used for pelotherapy aims: Perspectives for reusing cooled thermal waters for treatments related to thermalism applications
Davide Rossi, Dariusz Dobrzynski, Isabella Moro, Mirella Zancato & Nicola Realdon14.1 Introduction
14.2 Application of the integrated analytical approach and tensiometry on thermalism
14.3 Perspectives for using cooled thermal waters for thermal water treatments: Jelenia Góra hsw and borowina muds