The Yogasūtra of Patañjali A New Introduction to the Buddhist Roots of the Yoga System

This book offers a systematic and radical introduction to the Buddhist roots of P?tañjala-yoga, or the Yoga system of Patañjali. By examining each of 195 aphorisms (s?tras) of the Yogas?tra and discussing the Yogabh??ya, it shows that traditional and popular views on P?tañjala-yoga obscure its true nature. The book argues that Patañjali?s Yoga contains elements rooted in both orthodox and heterodox philosophical traditions, including S??khya, Jaina and Buddhist thought.

With a fresh translation and a detailed commentary on the Yogas?tra, the author unearths how several of the terms, concepts and doctrines in Patañjali?s Yoga can be traced to Buddhism, particularly the Abhidharma Buddhism of Vasubandhu and the early Yog?c?ra of Asa?ga. The work presents the Yogas?tra of Patañjali as a synthesis of two perspectives: the metaphysical perspective of S??khya and the empirical?psychological perspective of Buddhism. Based on a holistic understanding of Yoga, the study explores key themes of the text, such as meditative absorption, means, supernormal powers, isolation, Buddhist conceptions of meditation and the interplay between S??khya and Buddhist approaches to suffering and emancipation. It further highlights several new findings and clarifications on textual interpretation and discrepancies.

An important intervention in Indian and Buddhist philosophy, this book opens up a new way of looking at the Yoga of Patañjali in the light of Buddhism beyond standard approaches and will greatly interest scholars and researchers of Buddhist studies, Yoga studies, Indian philosophy, philosophy in general, literature, religion and comparative studies, Indian and South Asian Studies and the history of ideas.

Introduction 1. On Meditative Absorption (Samādhipādaḥ) 2. On Means (Sādhanapādaḥ) 3. On Supernormal Powers (Vibhūtipādaḥ) 4. On Isolation (Kaivalyapādaḥ) 5. Concluding Observations. Appendix I: Buddhist Conceptions of Meditation, Yoga and Bodhisattva’s Spiritual Journey vis-à-vis Pātañjala-yoga. Appendix II: Asaṅga on Forms of Supernormal Knowledge and Powers (Abhijñās and Ŗddhis). Appendix III: Discrepancies between Patañjali’s Aphorisms and Vyāsa’s Interpretations. Glossary. Aids to Reading Romanised Sanskrit. Bibliography. Index

Pradeep P. Gokhale is Honorary Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Philosophy and Pali, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India. He has thirty-one years of postgraduate teaching and research experience at Savitribai Phule Pune University and was Dr B. R. Ambedkar Research Professor at the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath (Varanasi), for six years. He has written in diverse areas such as Indian epistemology and logic; schools of classical Indian philosophy such as Buddhism, Lokāyata, Yoga and Jainism; Indian moral philosophy, social philosophy, Indian philosophy of religion and contemporary Buddhism. His research interests have focused on the interface between orthodox and heterodox Indian thought, including between Nyāya and Buddhist logical thought.