Free Trade and Sailors' Rights in the War of 1812

On 2 July 1812, Captain David Porter raised a banner on the USS Essex proclaiming 'a free trade and sailors rights', thus creating a political slogan that explained the War of 1812. Free trade demanded the protection of American commerce, while sailors' rights insisted that the British end the impressment of seamen from American ships. Repeated for decades in Congress and in taverns, the slogan reminds us today that the second war with Great Britain was not a mistake. It was a contest for the ideals of the American Revolution bringing together both the high culture of the Enlightenment to establish a new political economy and the low culture of the common folk to assert the equality of humankind. Understanding the War of 1812 and the motto that came to explain it ? free trade and sailors' rights ? allows us to better comprehend the origins of the American nation.

Part I. Free Trade: 1. The Enlightenment and defining free trade; 2. The revolutionary experience; 3. The new diplomacy; 4. Legacy; Part II. Sailors' Rights: 5. Anglo-American traditions; 6. The rise of Jack Tar; 7. Impressment; 8. Citizenship; 9. The Hermione and the rights of man; Part III. Origins: 10. Empire of liberty; 11. Indians in the way; 12. Contested commerce; 13. The ordeal of Jack Tar; 14. Honor; Part IV. War: 15. The odyssey of the Essex; 16. The language of combat; 17. Politics of war; 18. Pursuit of peace; 19. Dartmoor; Part V. Memory: 20. Winning the peace; 21. Remembering impressment; 22. The persistent dream; 23. Politics; 24. Popular culture; 25. Conclusion.

Paul Gilje is a George Lynn Cross Research Professor in the Department of History at the University of Oklahoma. He holds an MA and PhD from Brown University and has held fellowships at Johns Hopkins University and Washington University, St Louis. Gilje is the author of The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834; Riots in America; Liberty on the Waterfront: Society and Culture of the American Maritime World in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850; and The Making of the American Republic, 1763–1815. Liberty on the Waterfront received the 2004 Society for Historians of the Early American Republic Best Book Prize and the 2004 North American Society for Oceanic History John Lyman Book Award in the category of United States Maritime History. Professor Gilje has organized an adult civics program in the state of Oklahoma, consulted for museums, edited several books and lectured widely in Europe and America. Throughout his career he has a sustained interest in how common people have been affected by the larger events of history.