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<p>
<b>Part 1 Basic Concepts</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 1 Introduction to Polymers and Polymer
Types  <br></b><i>Enrique
Saldívar-Guerra, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima</i>
</p>
<p>
Introduction to Polymers
</p>
<p>
1.1 Basic Concepts
</p>
<p>
1.2 History
</p>
<p>
1.3 Mechanical and Rheological Properties
</p>
<p>
1.4 Polymer States
</p>
<p>
Molecular Weight
</p>
<p>
Main Types and Uses
</p>
<p>
2 Classification of Polymers
</p>
<p>
2.1 Classification Based on Structure
</p>
<p>
2.2 Classification Based on Mechanism
</p>
<p>
2.3 Classification by Chain Topology
</p>
<p>
2.4 Other Classification Criteria
</p>
<p>
3 Nomenclature
</p>
<p>
3.1 Conventional Nomenclature
</p>
<p>
3.2 IUPAC Structure-based Nomenclature
</p>
<p>
3.3 Trade, Common Names and Abbreviations
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 2  Polymer States and Properties<br></b><i>J. Betzabe
González-Campos, Diana G. Zárate-Triviño, Arturo
Mendoza-Galván, Evgen
Prokhorov, Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas, F. Villaseñor-Ortega</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction     
</p>
<p>
2 Glass Transition Temperature (α-relaxation) Controversy in
Chitin,
Chitosan and PVA
</p>
<p>
3 Glass Transition Related to the α-relaxation
</p>
<p>
4 Moisture Content Effects on Polymer?s Molecular Relaxations
</p>
<p>
5 Dielectric Fundamentals
</p>
<p>
5.1. The Origin of the Dielectric Response
</p>
<p>
5.2 Dielectric Relaxation in Solid Polymers
</p>
<p>
5.3. ?-relaxation
</p>
<p>
5.4 ?-relaxation
</p>
<p>
5.5 dc Conductivity Calculation
</p>
<p>
6. Chitin, Chitosan and PVA Films Preparation for Dielectric
Measurements
</p>
<p>
6.1. Chitin Films Preparation
</p>
<p>
6.2 Neutralized and Non-neutralized Chitosan Films Preparation
</p>
<p>
6.3 Electrode Preparation for Dielectric Measurements
</p>
<p>
7. Dielectric Relaxations in Chitin: Evidence for a Glass Transition
</p>
<p>
7.1. Effect of Moisture on Dielectric Spectra
</p>
<p>
7.2 X-Ray Diffraction
Measurements        
</p>
<p>
7.3. Dielectric Spectra: General Features
</p>
<p>
8. Dielectric Relaxations in Neutralized and Non-neutralized Chitosan
</p>
<p>
8.1. Low Frequency Relaxations: the Influence of Moisture Content on
Dielectric Measurements
</p>
<p>
8.2. High Frequency Relaxation
</p>
<p>
8.3. Chitosan Molecular Relaxations Conclusions
</p>
<p>
9. PVA Dielectric Relaxations
</p>
<p>
9.1 PVA Dielectric Relaxations Conclusions
</p>
<p>
10. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Part 2 Polymer Synthesis and Modification</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 3 Step Growth Polymerization<br></b><i>Luis Ernesto
Elizalde, Gladys de los Santos, Manuel Aguilar-Vega</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction.
</p>
<p>
1.1. General Principles
</p>
<p>
1.2 Number-average Degree of Polymerization
</p>
<p>
1.3. Molecular Weight Distribution
</p>
<p>
1.4. Polymers Obtained by Step Growth Polymerization
</p>
<p>
2. Polymerization Kinetics
</p>
<p>
3. Polyamides
</p>
<p>
3.1. Polyamidation
</p>
<p>
3.2. Aromatic Polyamides
</p>
<p>
4. Polyimides
</p>
<p>
5 Polyesterification
</p>
<p>
5.1. Polyesters from Diacids
</p>
<p>
5.2. Polyethers
</p>
<p>
5.3. Polyesters
</p>
<p>
5.4. Polyurethanes
</p>
<p>
6. Inorganic Condensation Polymers
</p>
<p>
6.1. Polysylanes
</p>
<p>
6.2. Polyphosphazenes
</p>
<p>
7. Dendrimers
</p>
<p>
8. Thermoset Polycondensation Polymers
</p>
<p>
8.1 Polyester Resins
</p>
<p>
8.2. Epoxy Resins
</p>
<p>
8.3. Alkyd Resins
</p>
<p>
8.4. Phenolic Resins
</p>
<p>
9. Controlled Molecular Weight Condensation Polymers
</p>
<p>
9.1. Solid Phase Synthesis
</p>
<p>
9.2 Use of Macromonomers in Condensation Reactions
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 4 Free Radical Polymerization<br></b><i>Ramiro
Guerrero-Santos, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, José
Bonilla-Cruz</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Basic Mechanism
</p>
<p>
2.1 Initiation
</p>
<p>
2.2 Propagation
</p>
<p>
2.3 Termination
</p>
<p>
3 Other Free Radical Reactions
</p>
<p>
3.1 Chain Transfer to Small Species
</p>
<p>
3.2 Chain Transfer to Monomer
</p>
<p>
3.3 Chain Transfer to Initiator
</p>
<p>
3.4 Chain Transfer to Solvent and Chain Transfer Agents
</p>
<p>
Chain Transfer to Impurities
</p>
<p>
Chain Transfer to Polymer
</p>
<p>
Backbiting
</p>
<p>
Inhibition
</p>
<p>
Kinetics and Polymerization Rate
</p>
<p>
Variations of kp and kt with Length and Conversion. Auto-acceleration
</p>
<p>
Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
</p>
<p>
Full Molecular Weight Distribution
</p>
<p>
Experimental Determination of Rate Constants
</p>
<p>
Thermodynamics of Polymerization
</p>
<p>
Controlled Radical Polymerization
</p>
<p>
8.1 Stable Free Radical or Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization
(SFRP, NMRP)
</p>
<p>
8.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
</p>
<p>
8.3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization
(RAFT)
</p>
<p>
8.4 Outlook of CRP Techniques
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 5 Coordination Polymerization<br></b><i>Joao B. P. Soares,
Odilia Pérez</i>
</p>
<p>
Introduction
</p>
<p>
Polymer Types
</p>
<p>
3. Catalysts Types
</p>
<p>
3.1 Phillips Catalyst
</p>
<p>
3.2 Classical Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
</p>
<p>
3.3 Single-Site Catalyst
</p>
<p>
4. Coordination polymerization Mechanism
</p>
<p>
5. Polymerization Kinetics and Mathematical Modeling
</p>
<p>
5.1 Polymer Microstructural Models
</p>
<p>
5.2. Particle Break-up, Inter- and Intraparticle Mass and Heat
Transfer Resistance Models
</p>
<p>
5.3. Polymerization Reactor Models
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 6 Copolymerization  <br></b><i>Marc A. Dubé,
Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, Iván Zapata-González</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introductory Section
</p>
<p>
What Are Copolymers ?
</p>
<p>
Commercial Copolymer Examples
</p>
<p>
Step Growth Copolymerization
</p>
<p>
2. Types of Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Statistical Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Alternating Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Block Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Gradient Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Graft Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Notes on Nomenclature
</p>
<p>
3. Copolymer Composition and Microstucture
</p>
<p>
Terminal Model Kinetics
</p>
<p>
Other Copolymerization Models
</p>
<p>
Reactivity Ratio Estimation
</p>
<p>
Sequence Length Distribution
</p>
<p>
Composition Measurement Methods
</p>
<p>
Extensions to Multicomponent Copolymerization
</p>
<p>
4. Reaction Conditions Considerations
</p>
<p>
Copolymerization Rate
</p>
<p>
Effect of Temperature
</p>
<p>
Reaction Medium
</p>
<p>
Effect of Pressure
</p>
<p>
Achieving Uniform Copolymer Composition
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 7 Anionic Polymerization<br></b><i>Roderick Quirk</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Living Anionic Polymerization
</p>
<p>
2.1. Molecular Weight Control
</p>
<p>
2.2. Molecular Weight Distribution
</p>
<p>
3. General Considerations
</p>
<p>
3.1. Monomers
</p>
<p>
3.2. Solvents
</p>
<p>
3.3. Initiators
</p>
<p>
4. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Polymerization
</p>
<p>
4.1. Styrene and Diene Monomers
</p>
<p>
4.2 Polar Monomers
</p>
<p>
5. Stereochemistry
</p>
<p>
5.1. Polydienes
</p>
<p>
5.2. Methacrylate Stereochemistry
</p>
<p>
5.3. Styrene
</p>
<p>
5.4.Vinylpyridines
</p>
<p>
6. Copolymerization of Styrenes and Dienes
</p>
<p>
6.1. Tapered Block Copolymers
</p>
<p>
6.2. Random Styrene-Diene Copolymers (SBR)
</p>
<p>
7. Synthetic Applications of Living Anionic Polymerization
</p>
<p>
7.1 Block Copolymers
</p>
<p>
7.2. Star-Branched Polymers
</p>
<p>
7.3. Synthesis of Chain-End Functionalized Polymers.
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 8 Cationic Polymerization<br></b><i>Filip E. Du Prez, Eric
J. Goethals, Richard Hoogenboom</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Carbocationic Polymerization
</p>
<p>
2.1 Isobutene
</p>
<p>
2.2 Vinyl Ethers
</p>
<p>
2.2 Styrene Monomers
</p>
<p>
3 Cationic Ring-opening Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.1 Cyclic Ethers
</p>
<p>
3.2 Cyclic Amines
</p>
<p>
3.3 Cyclic Imino ethers
</p>
<p>
4 Summary and Prospects
</p>
<p>
Acknowledgements
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 9 Crosslinking<br></b><i>Julio César
Hernández-Ortiz,
Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Background on Polymer Networks
</p>
<p>
2.1 Types of Polymer Networks Based on Structure
</p>
<p>
2.2 Chemical and Physical Networks
</p>
<p>
2.3 Intermolecular and Intramolecular Crosslinking
</p>
<p>
2.4 Monomer Functionality (f)
</p>
<p>
2.5 Crosslink Density
</p>
<p>
2.6 Gelation and Swelling Index
</p>
<p>
3. Main Chemical Routes for Synthesis of Polymer Networks
</p>
<p>
3.1 Step-growth Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.2 Vulcanization
</p>
<p>
3.3 End-linking
</p>
<p>
3.4 Free Radical Copolymerization (FRC)
</p>
<p>
4. Characterization of Polymer Networks and Gels
</p>
<p>
4.1 Determination of the Gelation Point
</p>
<p>
4.2 Measurement of Crosslink Density
</p>
<p>
5. Theory and Mathematical Modeling of Crosslinking
</p>
<p>
5.1 Statistical Gelation Theories
</p>
<p>
5.2 Percolation Gelation Theories
</p>
<p>
5.3 Kinetic Theories
</p>
<p>
5.4 Crosslinking and Controlled-living Radical Polymerization
</p>
<p>
6. References
</p>
<p>
Appendix I. Calculation of Average Chain Lengths
</p>
<p>
Appendix II. Calculation of Sol and Gel Fractions
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 10  Polymer Modification: Functionalization and
Grafting<br></b><i>José
Bonilla-Cruz, Mariamné Dehonor, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra,
Alfonso
González-Montiel</i>
</p>
<p>
1. General Concepts
</p>
<p>
1.1 Methods for the Synthesis of Functional Polymers
</p>
<p>
Grafting Onto, Grafting Through and Grafting From
</p>
<p>
Grafting on Polymeric and Inorganic Surfaces
</p>
<p>
Polymer Coupling Reactions
</p>
<p>
2. Graft Copolymers
</p>
<p>
Commercial Polymer Grafting
</p>
<p>
Polyolefins
</p>
<p>
Modern Grafting Techniques onto Polymers
</p>
<p>
Functionalization and Grafting from Surfaces.
</p>
<p>
Concluding Remarks
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 11 Polymer Additives<br></b><i>Rudolf Pfaendner</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Antioxidants
</p>
<p>
2.1. Primary Antioxidants
</p>
<p>
2.2. Secondary Antioxidants
</p>
<p>
2.3. Other Antioxidative Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
2.4. Testing of Antioxidants
</p>
<p>
2.5. Selected Examples
</p>
<p>
3. PVC Heat Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
3.1. Mixed Metal Salts
</p>
<p>
3.2. Organo Tin Heat Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
3.3. Metal Free Heat Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
3.4. Costabilizers
</p>
<p>
3.5. Testing of PVC Heat Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
3.6. Selected Examples of PVC Heat Stabilisation
</p>
<p>
4. Light Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
4.1. UV Absorbers
</p>
<p>
4.2. Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
4.3. Testing of Light Stabilizers
</p>
<p>
4.4 Selected Examples of Light Stabilization
</p>
<p>
5. Flame Retardants
</p>
<p>
5.1. Halogenated Flame Retardants
</p>
<p>
5.2. Inorganic Flame Retardants
</p>
<p>
5.3. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Containing Flame Retardants
</p>
<p>
5.4. Testing of Flame Retardancy
</p>
<p>
5.5. Selected Examples of Flame Retardancy
</p>
<p>
6. Plasticizers
</p>
<p>
7. Scavenging Agents
</p>
<p>
7.1. Acid Scavengers
</p>
<p>
7.2. Aldehyde Scavenger
</p>
<p>
7.3. Odor Reduction
</p>
<p>
8.  Additives to Enhance Processing
</p>
<p>
9. Additives to Modify Plastic Surface Properties
</p>
<p>
9.1. Slip and Antiblocking Agents
</p>
<p>
9.2. Antifogging Agents
</p>
<p>
9.3. Antistatic Agents
</p>
<p>
10. Additives to Modify Polymer Chain Structures
</p>
<p>
10.1. Chain Extenders
</p>
<p>
10.2. Controlled Degradation
</p>
<p>
10.3. Prodegradants
</p>
<p>
10.4. Cross-linking Agents
</p>
<p>
11. Additives to Influence Morphology and Crystallinity of Polymers
</p>
<p>
11.1. Nucleating Agents / Clarifiers
</p>
<p>
11.2. Coupling Agents / Compatibilizers
</p>
<p>
12. Antimicrobials
</p>
<p>
13. Additives to Enhance Thermal Conductivity
</p>
<p>
14. Active Protection Additives (Smart Additives)
</p>
<p>
14.1. Content Protection
</p>
<p>
14.2. Productivity Enhancer
</p>
<p>
14.3. Heat Control
</p>
<p>
15. Odor Masking
</p>
<p>
16. Animal Repellents
</p>
<p>
17. Markers
</p>
<p>
18. Blowing Agents
</p>
<p>
19. Summary and Trends in Polymer Additives
</p>
<p>
20. Selected Literature
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Part 3 Polymerization Processes and Engineering</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 12 Polymer Reaction Engineering<br></b><i>Alexander
Penlidis, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima, Julio C. Hernández-Ortiz, Enrique
Saldívar-Guerra</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Mathematical modeling of polymerization processes
</p>
<p>
2.1 Chemical Reactor Modeling Background
</p>
<p>
2.2 The Method of Moments
</p>
<p>
2.3 Bivariate Distributions
</p>
<p>
2.4 Pseudo-homopolymer Approach or Pseudo-kinetic Rate Constants
Method (PKRCM)
</p>
<p>
3. Useful Tips on Polymer Reaction Engineering (PRE) and Modeling
</p>
<p>
4. Examples of Several Free-radical (co)Polymerization Schemes and the
Resulting Kinetic and Molecular Weight Development Equations
</p>
<p>
4.1 Modeling Linear and Nonlinear Homo- and Copolymerizations Assuming
Monofunctional Polymer Molecules and Using the PKRCM
</p>
<p>
4.2 Modeling Linear and Nonlinear Homo- and Copolymerizations Assuming
Multifunctional Polymer Molecules and Using the PKRCM
</p>
<p>
5. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 13 Bulk and Solution Processes<br></b><i>Marco A.
Villalobos, Jon Debling</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Definition
</p>
<p>
2. History
</p>
<p>
3. Processes for Bulk and Solution Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.1 Reactor Types
</p>
<p>
3.1.1 Batch/Semi-batch Reactor
</p>
<p>
3.1.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
</p>
<p>
3.1.3 Autoclave Reactor
</p>
<p>
3.1.4 Tubular Reactor
</p>
<p>
3.1.5 Loop Reactor
</p>
<p>
3.1.6 Casts and Molds
</p>
<p>
3.2 Processes for Free Radical Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.2.1 Polystyrene
</p>
<p>
3.2.2 Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) Copolymers
</p>
<p>
3.2.3 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
</p>
<p>
3.2.4 Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS)
</p>
<p>
3.2.5 Acrylics
</p>
<p>
3.2.6 Water Soluble Polymers
</p>
<p>
3.3 Processes for Step Growth Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.3.1 Polyesters
</p>
<p>
3.3.2 Polyamides
</p>
<p>
3.3.3 Polycarbonates
</p>
<p>
3.3.4 Polysulfones
</p>
<p>
3.4 Processes for Ionic/Anionic Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.4.1 Anionic Polystyrene (PS), Styrene-Butadiene (SB) and
Styrene-Isoprene (SI) Copolymers
</p>
<p>
3.5 Processes for Homogenous Catalyzed Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.5.1 Polyethylene
</p>
<p>
4. Energy Considerations
</p>
<p>
4.1 Heat of Polymerization
</p>
<p>
4.2 Adiabatic Temperature Rise
</p>
<p>
4.3 Self Accelerating Temperature
</p>
<p>
4.4 Reactor Energy Balance
</p>
<p>
4.4.1 CSTR
</p>
<p>
4.4.2 Cascade of CSTR?s
</p>
<p>
4.4.3 Tubular Reactors
</p>
<p>
5. Mass Considerations
</p>
<p>
5.1 Reactor Size
</p>
<p>
5.2 Process Residence Time, Conversion, Transients and Steady State
</p>
<p>
5.3 Reactor Pressure
</p>
<p>
5.4 Viscosity
</p>
<p>
5.5 Mixing
</p>
<p>
5.6 Polymer Purification
</p>
<p>
6. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 14 Dispersed Phase Polymerization Processes<br></b><i>Jorge
Herrera-Ordóñez, Enrique Saldívar-Guerra, Eduardo
Vivaldo-Lima</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Emulsion Polymerization.
</p>
<p>
2.1 Historical Developments
</p>
<p>
2.2 Principles of Colloid Science
</p>
<p>
2.3 Surfactants in Aqueous Solution
</p>
<p>
2.4. Emulsions.
</p>
<p>
2.5 Monomer Partitioning and Swelling in Polymer Colloids.
</p>
<p>
2.6 Formulation Components in Emulsion Polymerization
</p>
<p>
2.7 Overall Description of Emulsion Polymerization
</p>
<p>
2.8 Batch, Semi-batch and Continuous Processes
</p>
<p>
2.9 Control of Number and Size Distribution of Particles
</p>
<p>
2.10 Particle Morphology
</p>
<p>
2.11 Latex Characterization
</p>
<p>
3. Microemulsion Polymerization
</p>
<p>
4. Miniemulsion Polymerization
</p>
<p>
5. Applications of Polymer Latexes
</p>
<p>
6. Dispersion and Precipitation Polymerizations
</p>
<p>
7. Suspension Polymerization
</p>
<p>
7.1 Generalities
</p>
<p>
7.2 Some Issues about the Modeling of PSD in Suspension Polymerization
</p>
<p>
8. Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) in Aqueous Dispersions
</p>
<p>
8.1 NMRP in Aqueous Dispersions
</p>
<p>
8.2 ATRP in Aqueous Dispersions
</p>
<p>
8.3 RAFT in Aqueous Dispersions
</p>
<p>
8.4 Controlled Radical Suspension Polymerization
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 15 New Polymerization Processes<br></b><i>Eduardo
Vivaldo-Lima, Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez, Christian Hornung,
Iraís A.
Quintero-Ortega, Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Polymerization in Benign or Green Solvents   
</p>
<p>
2.1 Polymerization in Compressed and Supercritical Fluids (SCF)
</p>
<p>
2.2 Polymerization in Ionic Liquids
</p>
<p>
3. Alternative Energy Sources for Polymerization Processes
</p>
<p>
3.1 Microwave Activated Polymerization
</p>
<p>
3.2 Polymerization Under Irradiation of Other Wavelengths
</p>
<p>
4. Polymerization in Microreactors
</p>
<p>
5. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Part 4 Polymer Characterization</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 16 Polymer Spectroscopy and Compositional
Analysis<br></b><i>Gladys
de los Santos Villarreal, Luis Ernesto Elizalde Herrera</i>
</p>
<p>
Introduction
</p>
<p>
Elemental Analysis
</p>
<p>
General Principles
</p>
<p>
Infrared Spectroscopy
</p>
<p>
General Principles
</p>
<p>
3.2 Instrumentation
</p>
<p>
Qualitative Analysis of Polymers
</p>
<p>
Quantitative Analysis of Polymers
</p>
<p>
Sampling Methods
</p>
<p>
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)
</p>
<p>
Diffuse Reflection IR Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFT)
</p>
<p>
FT-IR Microscopy
</p>
<p>
Real Time ? IR Spectroscopy
</p>
<p>
Discussion of IR Spectra for Poly(ethylene)
</p>
<p>
Conclusions
</p>
<p>
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Polymers in Solution
</p>
<p>
Chemical Shift
</p>
<p>
Spin-spin Coupling
</p>
<p>
Instrumentation
</p>
<p>
Sample Preparation
</p>
<p>
Qualitative Analysis of Polymers
</p>
<p>
Two Dimensional NMR Analysis
</p>
<p>
Quantitative and Compositional Analysis
</p>
<p>
Mass Spectrometry
</p>
<p>
General Principles
</p>
<p>
Electron Ionization
</p>
<p>
Sample Introduction
</p>
<p>
Other Ionization Processes
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 17 Polymer Molecular Weight Measurement<br></b><i>M. G.
Neira-Velázquez, M. T. Rodríguez-Hernández, E.
Hernández-Hernández, A.
R. Y. Ruiz-Martínez</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Historical Background
</p>
<p>
3 Principles of GPC
</p>
<p>
3.1 Principle of Separation
</p>
<p>
3.2 Average Molecular Weight of Polymers
</p>
<p>
3.3 GPC Systems
</p>
<p>
4. Measurement of Intrinsic Viscosity
</p>
<p>
4.1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
4.2 The Ubbelohde Capillary Viscometer
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 18 Light Scattering and its Applications to Polymer
Characterization<br></b><i>Roberto Alexander-Katz</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Principles of Static and Dynamic Light Scattering
</p>
<p>
3 Static Light Scattering by Dilute Polymer Solutions
</p>
<p>
3.1 Scattering at Small Angles (q?«????Determination of Molecular
Weights and Thermodynamic Properties.
</p>
<p>
3.2 Application of SLS to the Determination of Structure When?q
??≥ 1.
</p>
<p>
4 Dynamic Light Scattering
</p>
<p>
4.1 General Concepts. Determination of Particle Sizes in Dilute
Solutions
</p>
<p>
4.2 Dynamic Light Scattering by a Dilute Solution of Thin Rods
</p>
<p>
4.3 Dynamic Light Scattering by Flexible Polymers
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 19 Small Angle X-Ray Scattering of Polymer
Systems<br></b><i>Carlos
A. Avila-Orta, and Francisco J. Medellín-Rodríguez</i>
</p>
<p>
Introduction
</p>
<p>
Polymer Morphology
</p>
<p>
Single Crystals, Spherulites, and Shish-Kebabs
</p>
<p>
Lamellae
</p>
<p>
Unit Cells
</p>
<p>
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering
</p>
<p>
Interaction of X-rays with Matter
</p>
<p>
Electron Density Function
</p>
<p>
Scattering Vector
</p>
<p>
Scattering Intensity
</p>
<p>
Analysis in Reciprocal Space
</p>
<p>
Scattering Intensity when q ? 0
</p>
<p>
Scattering Intensity at Intermediate Angles
</p>
<p>
Scattering Intensity when q ? ?
</p>
<p>
Analysis in Real Space
</p>
<p>
Correlation Function, ?(r)
</p>
<p>
Interface Distribution Function, g(r)
</p>
<p>
Appendix 19.1 Procedure to Obtain Morphological Data from 1D-SAXS
Profiles
</p>
<p>
A1.1 Data analysis
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 20 Microscopy<br></b><i>Mariamné Dehonor-Gómez,
Carlos
López-Barrón, Christopher W. Macosko</i>
</p>
<p>
Introduction
</p>
<p>
Transmission Electron Microscopy
</p>
<p>
Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy
</p>
<p>
Transmission Electron Microscopy Allied Techniques
</p>
<p>
Three-dimensional Microscopy
</p>
<p>
Introduction
</p>
<p>
3.2 Methods to Obtain 3D Micrographs
</p>
<p>
3.3 3-D Image Analysis
</p>
<p>
3.4  Summary
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 21 Structure and Mechanical Properties of
Polymers<br></b><i>Manuel
Aguilar-Vega</i>
</p>
<p>
1.Structure of Polymer Chains
</p>
<p>
2.Polymer Mechanical Properties
</p>
<p>
2.1Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties
</p>
<p>
2.2 Viscoelastic Properties and Temperature
</p>
<p>
3 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Part 5 Polymer Processing</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 22 Polymer Rheology<br></b><i>Estanislao
Ortíz-Rodríguez</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction to Polymer Rheology Fundamentals
</p>
<p>
1.1 Deformation Response of Polymeric Solids
</p>
<p>
1.2 Rheology of Polymeric Liquids
</p>
<p>
1.3 Mathematical Relationships for Polymer Rheology
</p>
<p>
2. Linear Viscoelasticity
</p>
<p>
3. Viscometric Techniques for Polymer Melts
</p>
<p>
3.1 The Capillary Rheometer
</p>
<p>
3.2 Rotational Rheometers
</p>
<p>
3.3 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Viscosity
</p>
<p>
3.4 Other Viscometric Determinations
</p>
<p>
4. Overview of Constitutive Equations
</p>
<p>
4.1 The Generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF)
</p>
<p>
4. 2 Differential Equations
</p>
<p>
4.3 Integral Constitutive Equations
</p>
<p>
5. Brief Overview on Other Relevant Polymer Rheology Aspects
</p>
<p>
5.1 Rheology of Filled Polymeric Melts
</p>
<p>
5.2 Molecular Dynamic Simulations in Polymer Rheology
</p>
<p>
5.3 A CFD Perspective on Polymer Rheology
</p>
<p>
6. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 23 Principles of Polymer Processing<br></b><i>Luis
Francisco Ramos de Valle</i>
</p>
<p>
Table of Contents
</p>
<p>
1 General
</p>
<p>
2 Compounding
</p>
<p>
3 Extrusion
</p>
<p>
4 Bottle Blowing
</p>
<p>
5 Injection Molding
</p>
<p>
5.1 Limitations
</p>
<p>
5.2 Defects
</p>
<p>
5.3 Rotational Molding
</p>
<p>
5.4 Compression Molding
</p>
<p>
6 Thermoforming
</p>
<p>
7 Further Reading
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 24 Blown Films and Ribbons Extrusion<br></b><i>J.R.
Robledo-Ortíz, D.E. Ramírez-Arreola, D. Rodrigue and
Rubén
González-Núñez</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Extrusion Processes for Blown Films and Ribbons
</p>
<p>
3. Equations
</p>
<p>
3.1 Blown Film Equations
</p>
<p>
3.2 Ribbon Extrusion Equations
</p>
<p>
4. Ribbon and Film Dimensions
</p>
<p>
5. Cooling Process and Stretching Force
</p>
<p>
6. Morphology and Mechanical Properties
</p>
<p>
7. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter Chapter 25 Polymer Solutions and
Processing<br></b><i>Dámaso
Navarro Rodríguez</i>
</p>
<p>
Introduction
</p>
<p>
Polymer Solution Thermodynamics and Conformation of Polymer Chains.
</p>
<p>
Basic Concepts
</p>
<p>
2.1 Change in Enthalpy, Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy of Mixing
</p>
<p>
2.2 Conformation of Polymer Chains
</p>
<p>
2.3 Flory-Huggins Lattice Theory and Related Theories
</p>
<p>
2.4 The Solubility Parameter
</p>
<p>
2.5 Phase Equilibria in Polymer Solutions
</p>
<p>
2.6 Characterization of Polymers Using Thermodynamic-Based Techniques
Semidilute Polymer Solutions
</p>
<p>
3.1 The Blob Model
</p>
<p>
3.2 Scaling Theory
</p>
<p>
Processing of Polymer Solutions
</p>
<p>
4.1 Film Forming Processes Via Polymer Solution
</p>
<p>
4.2 Fiber Forming Processes from Solution
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 26 Wood and Natural Fiber-Based Composites
(NFC</b>)<br><i>J.R.
Robledo-Ortíz, F.J. Fuentes-Talavera, R.
González-Núñez, J.A.
Silva-Guzmán</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Background     
</p>
<p>
3. Raw Materials
</p>
<p>
3.1 Natural Fibers
</p>
<p>
3.2 Types of Polymers Used in Wood Plastic Composites Manufacturing
</p>
<p>
3.3 Additives
</p>
<p>
3.4 Polymer-Natural Fiber Interface
</p>
<p>
3.5 Wood/Polymer Ratio, Particle Size and Moisture Content
</p>
<p>
4. Manufacturing Process
</p>
<p>
5. Properties of Composite Materials
</p>
<p>
5.1 Water Absorption in Natural Fiber Plastic Composites
</p>
<p>
5.2 Mechanical properties
</p>
<p>
6 Durability
</p>
<p>
6.1 Decay
</p>
<p>
7 Factors that Affect Decay of Wood Plastic Composites
</p>
<p>
7.1 Moisture
</p>
<p>
7.2 Wood Particle Size and Wood/Plastic Ratios
</p>
<p>
7.3 Wood/Polymer Interface
</p>
<p>
8 Uses of Wood Plastic Composites
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 27 Polymer Blends<br></b><i>Saul Sanchez Valdés, Luis
Francisco Ramos de Valle, Octavio Manero</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Miscibility in Polymer Blends
</p>
<p>
3 Compatibility in Polymer Blends
</p>
<p>
4 Techniques for Studying Blend Microstructure
</p>
<p>
5 Preparation of Polymer Blends
</p>
<p>
6 Factors Influencing the Morphology of a Polymer Blend
</p>
<p>
7 Properties of Polymer Blends
</p>
<p>
8 Applications of Polymer Blends
</p>
<p>
References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 28 Thermosetting Polymers<br></b><i>J.-P. Pascault, R.J.J.
Williams</i>
</p>
<p>
1. Introduction
</p>
<p>
2. Chemistries of Network Formation
</p>
<p>
3. Structural Transformations During Network Formation
</p>
<p>
3.1 Gelation
</p>
<p>
3.2 Vitrification
</p>
<p>
3.3 Conversion-Temperature Transformation (CTT) Diagram
</p>
<p>
4. Processing
</p>
<p>
4.1 Formulations
</p>
<p>
4.2 Rules for Processing Thermosetting Polymers
</p>
<p>
4.3 Thermosetting Polymers for Adhesives, Coatings and Paintings
</p>
<p>
4.4 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)
</p>
<p>
4.5 Thermosetting Polymers for Composite Materials
</p>
<p>
5. Conclusions
</p>
<p>
6. References
</p>
<p>
<b>Part 6 Polymers for Advanced Technologies</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 29 Conducting Polymers<br></b><i>M. Judith Percino,
Víctor
M. Chapela</i>
</p>
<p>
Table of Contents
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Historical Background
</p>
<p>
3 The Structures of Conducting Polymers
</p>
<p>
4 Charge Storage
</p>
<p>
5 Doping
</p>
<p>
5.1 Redox Doping
</p>
<p>
5.2 Chemical and Electrochemical p-Doping
</p>
<p>
5.3 Chemical and Electrochemical n-Doping
</p>
<p>
5.4 Doping Involving no Dopant Ions
</p>
<p>
5.5 Non-Redox Doping
</p>
<p>
6 Polyanilines
</p>
<p>
6.1 Allowed Oxidation States
</p>
<p>
6.2 Doping
</p>
<p>
7 Charge transport
</p>
<p>
8 Syntheses
</p>
<p>
9 Conducting Polymers
</p>
<p>
9.1 Polyacetylene trans or cis
</p>
<p>
9.2 Polyaniline
</p>
<p>
9.3 Polythiophene
</p>
<p>
9.4 Polypyrrole
</p>
<p>
9.5 Poly(paraphenylene)
</p>
<p>
9.6 Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)
</p>
<p>
10 Characterization Techniques
</p>
<p>
11 Present and Future Potential
</p>
<p>
11.1 Applications
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 30 Dendritic Polymers<br></b><i>Jason Dockendorff, Mario
Gauthier</i>
</p>
<p>
1 Introduction
</p>
<p>
2 Dendrimers
</p>
<p>
2.1 Synthetic Strategies and Properties
</p>
<p>
2.2 General Characteristics
</p>
<p>
2.3 Common Structures
</p>
<p>
2.4 Applications and Recent Trends
</p>
<p>
3 Hyperbranched Polymers
</p>
<p>
3.1 General Features
</p>
<p>
3.2 Synthetic Strategies and Common Structures
</p>
<p>
3.3 Applications and Recent Trends
</p>
<p>
4 Dendrigraft Polymers
</p>
<p>
4.1 General Characteristics
</p>
<p>
4.2 Synthetic Strategies, Common Structures, and Properties
</p>
<p>
4.3 Applications and Recent Trends
</p>
<p>
5 Concluding Remarks
</p>
<p>
6 References
</p>
<p>
<b>Chapter 31 Polymer Nanocomposites<br></b><i>Octavio Manero, Antonio
Sanchez-Solis</i>
</p>
<p>
1  Introduction
</p>
<p>
2  Polyester-clay Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
2.1 PET-Clay
</p>
<p>
2.2 PET-PEN / Clay
</p>
<p>
2.3 Polyester Resin / Clay
</p>
<p>
3  Polyolefin/clay Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
3.1  Polyethylene / Clay
</p>
<p>
3.2  Polypropylene / Clay
</p>
<p>
4  Polystyrene/clay Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
4.1  HIPS / Clay
</p>
<p>
4.2  HIPS-PET / Clay
</p>
<p>
5  Polymer-Carbon Black Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
5.1  PET-PMMA / Carbon Black
</p>
<p>
5.2  PET-HDPE / Carbon Black
</p>
<p>
6  Nanoparticles of Barium Sulfate
</p>
<p>
7  Polymer / Graphene Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
7.1 Synthesis and Structural Features of Graphene
</p>
<p>
7.2 Surface Modification of Grapheme
</p>
<p>
7.3 Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
7.4 Preparation Methods of Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites
</p>
<p>
8  Conclusions
</p>
<p>
9  Acknowledgements
</p>
<p>
10 References
</p>
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