Transportation and Behavior, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1981 Human Behavior and Environment Series, Vol. 5

The present volume in our series, Human Behavior and Environment, is devoted to a specific topic, continuing the pattern established in the last two volumes. The current theme is behavioral science aspects of trans­ portation. This topic was chosen to exemplify a problem area of practical import to which psychologists, sociologists, and other behavioral and social scientists can make and have been making notable contributions. Our volume includes papers from a variety of psychological perspec­ tives, including human factors, environmental psychology, and be­ havior modification, along with other contributions from a sociologist and a transportation engineer interested in behavioral science contribu­ tions to transportation. Joining us as guest editor for this volume is Peter Everett, an environmental psychologist whose area of specialty is the study of behavioral components of transportation systems. Volume 6 of our series, currently in preparation, will be devoted to behavior and the natural environment. A provisional table of contents for that volume appears on page v. Irwin Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill Peter B. Everett ix Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 1 TRANSPORTATION AND THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DAVID T. HARTGEN Introduction 5 Brief Overview of the Behavioral Sciences. . . ..... . .... . . . . .. . . .... . .... . . . . . . ... . . ... . ..... . . 7 Current Transportation Issues: Evolution and Behavioral Applications ........................ 8 Urban Transit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rural Transit Systems ................................... 12 Transportation for the Mobility-Limited .......... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . Environmental and Social Impact Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy and Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . References ................................................. 25 xi Contents xii CHAPTER 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING IRWIN P. LEVIN JORDAN J. LOUVIERE Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Transportation and the Behavioral Sciences.- Brief Overview of the Behavioral Sciences.- Current Transportation Issues: Evolution and Behavioral Applications.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Psychological Contributions to Travel Demand Modeling.- Research Approaches.- Applications of Psychological Measurement.- Attitudinal Modeling.- Applications of Psychological Process Theory.- Recent Developments.- References.- 3 Reinforcement Theory Strategies for Modifying Transit Ridership.- The Reinforcement Theory Approach.- Changing Transit Ridership: Case Studies and Experiments.- Discussion.- Summary.- References.- 4 Transportation and Well-Being: An Ecological Perspective.- Previous Research on Transportation and Stress.- An Ecological Analysis of Transportation and Well-Being.- A Field-Experimental Investigation of Travel Impedance and Commuter Well-being.- Summary and Implications.- References.- 5 Human Factors Engineering and Psychology in Highway Safety.- Some Definitions.- Applying Research Findings.- The Traditional Three E’s.- Models, Concepts, and Driver behavior.- A Fourth E: Experimentation.- The Systems Approach and Error Analysis.- Driver Reactions to Internal Stimuli from Fatigue.- Influencing Driver Performance.- Driver Reactions to External Stimuli in the Visual Environment.- Improving the Visual Environment.- Applying Advanced Concepts.- Conclusions and Further Directions for Research.- References.- 6 The Social Cost of Urban Transportation.- Social Impacts and Impact Assessment.- Two Social Costs: Forced Relocation and Noise.- Conclusion.- References.- 7 The Effects of a Modern Rapid-Transit System on Nearby Residents: A Case Study of BART in the San Francisco Area.- BART as the Model of Modern Mass Transit.- The BART Study.- General Attitudestoward BART.- BART and Residential Mobility.- Specific BART Impacts.- Mediating Factors.- BART’s Effects in the Context of Neighborhood Problems.- Conclusions.- References.- 8 Future Transportation: Organization of the Design Process.- Transportation and Social Organization.- Motivational Factors Underlying Travel.- Transportation Performance Criteria.- User Operating Requirements.- Alternative Transportation Futures.- References.