The Brain Atlas (4^th Ed.) A Visual Guide to the Human Central Nervous System

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xii

About the Digital Companion xiii

Part I Introduction

Overview 4

The Nervous System 5

Cells 5

Gray Matter/White Matter 5

Connections 7

CNS/PNS 7

Constitution of the CNS 7

Principal Divisions of the Brain 8

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Segments 8

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Its Circulation 9

Cortical Areas 10

Using this Book 10

Terminology 10

Terms of Relation—The Special Case of the Human Head 12

Labels 12

Image Groups 13

Pathways 14

Navigation 14

Materials and Methods 14

Subjects 14

Brain Specimens 15

Radiological Imaging 16

References 17

Part II The CNS and Its Blood Vessels

Brain 20

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem; Sulci and Gyri—Lateral Aspect 20

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries; Arteries of the Insula and Lateral Sulcus; Arterial Territories—Lateral Aspect 22

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem; Sulci and Gyri—Mesial Aspect 24

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries; Arterial Territories—Mesial Aspect 26

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries; by Conventional Angiography; by MRA—Lateral Projection 28

Dural Venous Sinuses and Folds (Diagrammatic); by Conventional Angiography; by MRV—Lateral Projection 30

Cerebral Hemispheres, Brain Stem, and Arteries; by MRA—Anterior Aspect 32

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries and Veins by Conventional Angiography and Veins by MRV—Posteroanterior Projections 34

Cerebral Hemispheres and Brain Stem; Sulci and Gyri–—Inferior Aspect 36

Cerebral Hemispheres and Brain Stem: Arteries and Cranial Nerves; Arterial Territories; Axial MRA—Inferior Aspect 38

Brain Stem 40

Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum—Anterolateral Aspect 40

Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum; Arteries and Cranial Nerves—Anterolateral Aspect 41

Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum; Arterial Territories — Anterolateral Aspect 42

Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Striatum— Anterior Aspect 43

Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Striatum— Posterior Aspect 44

Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Striatum— Lateral Aspect 45

Cerebellum 46

Cerebellum—Superior Surface 46

Cerebellum—Inferior Surface 47

Spinal Cord 48

Arteries to Spinal Cord (Diagrammatic) 48

Segmental Arterial Supply of Spinal Cord (Diagrammatic) 49

Fiber Bundles 50

Principal Fiber Bundles in Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem (Semi-Schematic)—Lateral and Mesial Aspects 50

Principal Fiber Bundles in Coronal, Axial, and Sagittal Brain Sections (Semi-Schematic) 51

Part III Brain Slices

Coronal Sections 54

Coronal Section Through Rostral Wall of Lateral Ventricle with Vessel Territories 54

Coronal Section Through Anterior Limit of Putamen with MRI 56

Coronal Section Through Head of Caudate Nucleus and Putamen with MRI 58

Coronal Section Through Anterior Limit of Amygdala with Vessel Territories 60

Coronal Section Through Tuber Cinereum with MRI 62

Coronal Section Through Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monro) with Vessel Territories 64

Coronal Section Through Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus with MRI 66

Coronal Section Through Mamillothalamic Tract (Fasciculus) with Vessel Territories 68

Coronal Section Through Mamillary Bodies with MRI 70

Coronal Section Through Subthalamic Nucleus with Vessel Territories 72

Coronal Section Through Posterior Limit of Interpeduncular Fossa with MRI 74

Coronal Section Through Posterior Commissure with Vessel Territories 76

Coronal Section Through Commissure of Superior Colliculi with MRI 78

Coronal Section Through Quadrigeminal Plate with Vessel Territories 80

Coronal Section Through Fourth Ventricle (IV) with MRI 82

Coronal Section Through Posterior Limit of Hippocampus with Vessel Territories 84

Coronal Section Through Posterior Horns of Lateral Ventricles with MRI 86

Sagittal Sections 88

Sagittal Section Through Superior, Middle, and Inferior Temporal Gyri with Vessel Territories 88

Sagittal Section Through Insula with MRI 90

Sagittal Section Through Claustrum and Lateral Putamen with Vessel Territories 92

Sagittal Section Through Lateral Putamen with MRI 94

Sagittal Section Through Termination of Optic Tract with MRI 96

Sagittal Section Through Pulvinar with Vessel Territories 98

Sagittal Section Through Ambient Cistern with MRI 100

Sagittal Section Through Olfactory Tract with Vessel Territories 102

Sagittal Section Through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body) with Vessel Territories 104

Sagittal Section Through Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Conjunctivum) with MRI 106

Sagittal Section Through Red Nucleus with Vessel Territories 108

Sagittal Section Through Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius) with MRI 110

Axial Sections 112

Axial Section Through Superior Caudate Nucleus with MRI 112

Axial Section Through Inferior Corpus Callosum with Vessel Territories 114

Axial Section Through Superior Putamen with MRI 116

Axial Section Through Putamen with Vessel Territories 118

Axial Section Through Frontoparietal Opercula with MRI 120

Axial Section Through Midlevel Diencephalon with Vessel Territories 122

Axial Section Through Anterior Commissure with MRI 124

Axial Section Through Habenular Commissure with Vessel Territories 126

Axial Section Through Superior Colliculi with MRI 128

Axial Section Through Anterior Perforated Substance with Vessel Territories 130

Axial Section Through Inferior Colliculi with MRI 132

Part IV Histological Sections

Cerebellum 136

Horizontal Section Through Fastigial Nucleus with Vessel Territories 136

Horizontal Section Through Dentate Nucleus with MRI 137

Brain Stem 138

Transverse Section Through Superior Colliculus with Vessel Territories 138

Transverse Section Through Oculomotor Nucleus with MRI 139

Transverse Section Through Inferior Colliculus with Vessel Territories 140

Transverse Section Through Superior Pons and Isthmus with MRI 141

Transverse Section Through Middle Pons with Vessel Territories 142

Transverse Section Through Facial Genu with MRI 143

Transverse Section Through Vestibulocochlear Nerve Root with Vessel Territories 144

Transverse Section Through Glossopharyngeal Nerve Root with MRI 145

Transverse Section Through Fourth Ventricle with Vessel Territories 146

Transverse Section Through Hypoglossal Nucleus with MRI 147

Transverse Section Through Inferior Olive with Vessel Territories 148

Transverse Section Through Decussation of Pyramids with MRI 149

Spinal Cord 150

Transverse Section Through Upper Cervical Level with Vessel Territories 150

Transverse Section Through Cervical Enlargement with MRI 151

Transverse Section Through Thoracic Level with Vessel Territories 152

Transverse Section Through Lumbar Enlargement with Vessel Territories 153

Transverse Section Through Sacral Level 154

Basal Ganglia and Thalamus 155

Coronal Section Through Nucleus Accumbens 155

Coronal Section Through Optic Chiasm 156

Coronal Section Through Anterior Commisure 157

Coronal Section Through Anterior Thalamic Tubercle 158

Coronal Section Through Mamillothalamic Tract 159

Coronal Section Through H Fields of Forel 160

Coronal Section Through Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 161

Coronal Section Through Pulvinar 162

Hypothalamus 163

Coronal Section Through Optic Chiasm; Coronal Section Through Pituitary Stalk 163

Coronal Section Through Interthalamic Adhesion; Coronal Section Through Mamillary Bodies 164

Basal Forebrain 165

Coronal Section Through Olfactory Trigone and Nucleus Basalis 165

Hippocampus 166

Coronal Section Through Body of Hippocampus 166

Part V Pathways

Brain Stem 170

General Organization of Spinal Cord Gray Matter 170

General Organization of Cranial Nerve Gray Matter 172

Sensory Cranial Nerves and Nuclei 174

Motor Cranial Nerves and Nuclei 175

Organization of Cranial Nerve Nuclei into Columns—Posterior Aspect 176

Organization of Cranial Nerve Nuclei into Columns—Anterior Aspect 177

Thalamus 178

Organization of the Thalamus 178

Hypothalamus 180

Organization of the Hypothalamus 180

Sensory Systems 182

Touch and Position Sense Pathways: Posterior (Dorsal) Column/Medial Lemniscus and Trigeminal Main Sensory Nucleus 182

Touch Pathways: Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts and Trigeminal Spinal Nucleus 184

Pain Pathways 186

Touch Pathways: Head and Face 188

Taste Pathways 190

Visual Pathways 192

Olfactory Pathways 194

Auditory Pathways 196

Sensory/Motor Systems 198

Vestibular Pathways 198

Motor Systems 200

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) and Corticobulbar Pathways 200

Rubrospinal and Tectospinal Pathways 202

Reticulospinal Pathways 204

Cerebellum 206

Cerebellar Pathways: Somatic Afferents 206

Cerebellar Pathways: Afferents (Non-Somatic) 208

Cerebellar Pathways: Efferents 210

Basal Ganglia 212

Basal Ganglia Pathways 212

Hippocampus 214

Hippocampal Pathways: Afferents 214

Hippocampal Pathways: Efferents 216

Amygdala 218

Amygdalar Pathways: Afferents 218

Amygdalar Pathways: Efferents 220

Hypothalamus 222

Hypothalamic Pathways: Afferents 222

Hypothalamic Pathways: Efferents 224

Arousal and Sleep Pathways 226

Hunger and Feeding Pathways 228

Circumventricular Organs 230

Autonomic Systems 232

Autonomic Pathways: Afferents 232

Autonomic Pathways: Sympathetic Efferents 234

Autonomic Pathways: Parasympathetic Efferents 236

Modulatory Systems 238

Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Pathways 238

Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Pathways 240

Index 243

Dorian J. Pritchard is former lecturer in Human Genetics, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK and former Visiting Lecturer in Medical Genetics, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Bruce Korf is Wayne H. and Sara Crews Finley Chair in Medical Genetics, Professor and Chair, Department of Genetics, and Director of the Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.