Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1980 Early Roots of Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Abnormalities Topics in bone and mineral disorders Series

There is a large and rapidly growing body of literature on the importance of mag­ nesium in biochemical and physiological processes. There is also much evidence that magnesium deficiency, alone and in combination with agents that interfere with its utilization, is associated with functional and structural abnormalities of mem­ branes, cells, organs, and systems. The manifestations of the changes caused by magnesium deficiency depend upon its extent and duration and on variable factors. Among the conditions that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency are (1) meta­ bolic factors that affect the absorption, distribution, and excretion of this mineral; (2) disease and therapy; (3) physiologic states that increase requirements for nutrients; and (4) nutritional imbalances. Excesses of nutrients that interfere with the absorption or increase the excretion of magnesium-such as fat, phosphate, sugar, and vitamin D-can contribute to long-lasting relative magnesium deficiency. All have been implicated in several of the diseases considered in this book. Whether their influence on the need for magnesium is a common denominator remains to be investigated further.

1 • Introduction: Consideration of Epidemiologic Factors.- 1.1. Ischemic Heart Disease.- 1.2. Concomitant Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Diseases.- 1.3. Changing Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Phosphate Intakes.- 1.4. Sex Difference in Magnesium Retention.- 1.5. Hard/Soft Water and Cardiovascular Disease.- 1.6. Epidemiologic Factors in Calcific Urinary Calculi.- 1.7. Genetic Factors in Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Diseases.- I Magnesium Deficiency during Gestation, Infancy, and Early Childhood.- 2 • The Role of Magnesium in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy.- 3 • Consideration of Magnesium Deficiency in Perinatal Hormonal and Mineral Imbalances.- 4 • Magnesium Status in Infancy.- II Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases.- 5 • Failure to Reduce Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease by Lowering Blood Lipids.- 6 • Is Clinical Arteriosclerosis a Manifestation of Absolute or Conditioned Magnesium Deficiency?.- 7 • Magnesium Deficiency/Loss from Myocardium.- 8 • Clinical Cardiac Abnormalities and Magnesium.- 9 • Magnesium Deficiency and Cardiac Dysrhythmia.- 10 • Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Cardiovascular Disease.- III Skeletal and Renal Effects of Magnesium Deficiency.- 11 • Magnesium, Bone Wasting, and Mineralization.- 12 • Abnormal Bone in Magnesium Deficiency.- 13 • Renal Damage Caused by Magnesium Deficiency.- 14 • Intensification of Magnesium Deficiency by Calcemic and Phosphate Therapy.- Appendix • Tests for Magnesium Deficiency Cases of Infantile Ischemic Heart Disease.- A. 1. Limitations of Serum or Plasma Magnesium Levels.- A.1.1. What is the Normal Range?.- A. 1.2. Bound and Free Magnesium in Plasma.- A.2. The Importance of Cellular Magnesium Determinations.- A.2.1. Erythrocyte Magnesium.- A.2.2.Skeletal Muscle Magnesium.- A.2.3. White Blood Cell Magnesium Determinations.- A.3. Percentage Retention of Parenteral Magnesium Loads.- A. 3.1. Recommended Procedures for Determining Percentage Retention of Parenteral Magnesium Load.- A.3.1.1. Adults: Intramuscular Load.- A.3.1.2. Adults: Intravenous Load.- A.3.1.3. Infants: Intravenous Load.- A.3.1.4. Infants: Intramuscular Load.- A.3.2. Evaluation of Renal Handling of Magnesium.