Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry (10^th Ed.)

A lab manual for the General Chemistry course, Beran has been popular for the past nine editions because of its broad selection of experiments, clear layout, and design. Containing enough material for two or three terms, this lab manual emphasizes chemical principles as well as techniques. In addition, the manual helps students understand the timing and situations for various techniques.

Preface iii

Laboratory Safety and Guidelines 1

Data Documentation 5

Data Analysis 9

Laboratory Techniques 17

Experiments

A. Introduction

Dry Lab 1 The Laboratory and SI 43

Experiment 1 Basic Laboratory Operations 51

B. Chemical and Physical Properties

Experiment 2 Identification of a Compound: Chemical Properties 59

Experiment 3 Water Analysis: Solids 67

Experiment 4 Paper Chromatography 75

Experiment 5 Percent Water in a Hydrated Salt 85

Dry Lab 2A Inorganic Nomenclature I. Oxidation Numbers 91

Dry Lab 2B Inorganic Nomenclature II. Binary Compounds 94

Dry Lab 2C Inorganic Nomenclature III. Ternary Compounds 98

Experiment 6 Acids, Bases, and Salts, 103

C. Mole Concept

Experiment 7 Empirical Formulas 115

Experiment 8 Limiting Reactant 123

Experiment 9 A Volumetric Analysis 133

Experiment 10 Vinegar Analysis 143

D. Atomic and Molecular Structure

Experiment 11 Periodic Table and Periodic Law 149

Dry Lab 3 Atomic and Molecular Structure 161

E. Gases

Experiment 12 Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid 173

Experiment 13 A Carbonate Analysis; Molar Volume of Carbon Dioxide 181

F. Solutions

Experiment 14 Molar Mass of a Solid 189

Experiment 15 Synthesis of Potassium Alum 199

G. Acid-Base Equilibria and Analysis

Experiment 16 LeChâtelier’s Principle; Buffers 207

Experiment 17 Antacid Analysis 219

Experiment 18 Potentiometric Analyses 227

Experiment 19 Aspirin Synthesis and Analysis 237

Experiment 20 Alkalinity of a Water Resource 245

Experiment 21 Hard Water Analysis 255

Experiment 22 Molar Solubility, Common-Ion Effect 263

H. Kinetics

Experiment 23 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 271

Experiment 24 A Rate Law and Activation Energy 281

I. Thermodynamics

Experiment 25 Calorimetry 293

Experiment 26 Thermodynamics of the Dissolution of Borax 305

J. Oxidation-Reduction Systems and Analysis

Experiment 27 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 315

Experiment 28 Chemistry of Copper 323

Experiment 29 Bleach Analysis 331

Experiment 30 Vitamin C Analysis 341

Experiment 31 Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Natural Waters 349

Experiment 32 Galvanic Cells, the Nernst Equation 357

Experiment 33 Electrolytic Cells, Avogadro’s Number 369

K. Transition Metal Systems and Analysis

Experiment 34 An Equilibrium Constant 377

Experiment 35 Spectrophotometric Metal Ion Analysis 389

Experiment 36 Transition Metal Complexes 397

L. Qualitative Analysis

Dry Lab 4 Preface to Qualitative Analysis 409

Experiment 37 Qual: Common Anions 413

Experiment 38 Qual I. Na⁺, K⁺, NH4⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺ 423

Experiment 39 Qual II. Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺ 433

Appendixes

Appendix A Conversion Factors 441

Appendix B Familiar Names of Common Chemicals 442

Appendix C Vapor Pressure of Water 444

Appendix D Concentrations of Acids and Bases 445

Appendix E Water Solubility of Inorganic Salts 446