Evolutionary Biology, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1980 Volume 12 Evolutionary Biology Series, Vol. 12

The first volume of Evolutionary Biology was published twelve years ago. Since that time twelve volumes and one supplement have appeared. As stated in earlier prefaces, we are continuing the focus of this series on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies in evolu­ tionary biology. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length than normally published by society journals and quarterlies. We therefore invite colleagues to submit chapters that fall within the focus and standards of Evolutionary Biology. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; William C. Steere, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458; Bruce Wallace, Department of Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850. The Editors vii Contents 1. Apparent Changes in the Diversity of Fossil Plants: A Preliminary Assessment Karl J. Niklas, Bruce H. Tiffney, and Andrew H. Knoll Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Pros and Cons of Studying Plant Diversity Changes. . . . . . 6 The Concept of Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . Choice of Taxonomic Rank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . Biasing Factors in the Fossil Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . The "Human Factor" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . . . Biological Biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Geological Biases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . Sources, Methods, and Analyses of ApparentDiversities. . . . . . . . 26 Statistical Computations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . Analysis of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . Geological Explanation of Residuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . Biological Explanation of Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 The Origin and Early Evolution of the Land Plants . . . . . . . . . . 39 The Evolution of Heterospory and the Seed Habit . . . . . . . . . . . 42 _ The Angiosperms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . . . . Large-Scale Biological Interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 . . . . . .

1. Apparent Changes in the Diversity of Fossil Plants: A Preliminary Assessment.- Biasing Factors in the Fossil Record.- Sources, Methods, and Analyses of Apparent Diversities.- Geological Explanation of Residuals.- Biological Explanation of Residuals.- Large-Scale Biological Interpretations.- Discussion.- Summary.- References.- 2. Population Structure, Geographic Variation, and Microphylogenesis of the Sand Lizard (Lacera agilis).- Materials and Methods.- Population Structure.- Geographic Variation.- Microphylogenesis of the Species.- General Discussion.- Summary.- References.- 3. Hybrid Release of Mutator Activity and the Genetic Structure of Natural Populations.- The Measurement of Genetic Variation.- Mutator Genes.- Some Genetic Changes Induced by MR Mutator Lines.- Hybrid Release of Mutator Activity.- References.- 4. The Inversion Polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura.- Geographical Distribution of the Species.- The Inversions.- The Geographical Distribution of the Gene Arrangements.- Inversion Polymorphism and Natural Selection.- The Geographical Distribution and Historical Processes.- Conclusions.- Addendum.- References.- 5. Ecology versus History as Determinants of Patchy and Insular Distributions in High Andean Birds.- The Problem of Patchiness.- The Problem of Equilibrium Biogeography.- Materials and Methods.- Analysis of Patchy Distributions.- Analysis of Equilibrium Biogeography.- The Probable Role of History.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- Appendices.- References.