1. Electrochemistry and the 21st Century.- 1. Time Scale.- 2. Electrochemistry as “The Other Chemistry”.- 3. On the Nature of Electrochemistry.- 4. The Relationship of Electrochemistry to Other Sciences.- 5. The Currently Expanding World and the Steady State World of the 21st Century.- 6. On the Media of Energy.- 7. Present Electrochemical Industry.- 8. Difficulties of Our Present Society.- 9. A Latter-Day Coal Age.- 10. Near-Future Leads in the Electrochemical Industry.- 11. Biomedical Applications.- 12. The Electrodeposition of Materials from High-Temperature Melts ..- 13. Mineral Processing.- 14. Electrocatalysis.- 15. Material Conservation.- 16. Electro-organic Chemistry.- 17. High-Temperature Electrolytes.- 18. Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments.- 19. Electrochemistry for a Better World.- 20. Borderline Phenomena.- 21. Lack of Training in Electrochemistry.- References.- 2. Electrochemical Energy Conversion—Principles.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical Background of Fuel Cells.- 1.2. The Energy Conversion Methods: Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells Over Other Methods.- 1.3. Types of Fuel Cells and the Most Promising Systems.- 1.4. Role of Electrochemical Energy Conversion in Efficient Utilization of Primary Energy Sources.- 1.5. The Relevant Electrochemical Principles in Electrochemical Energy Conversion.- 2. Thermodynamic Aspects.- 2.1. Reversible Potentials and Open-Circuit Potentials of Fuel Cells.- 2.2. Temperature and Pressure Coefficients of Reversible Potentials.- 2.3. Expressions for Efficiencies of Fuel Cells.- 2.4. Heat Changes under Reversible Conditions.- 3. Electrode Kinetic Aspects.- 3.1. Dependence of Cell Potential and of Differential Cell Resistance on Current.- 3.2. Dependence of Efficiency on Current Density.- 3.3. Dependence of Power on Current Density.- 3.4. Expressions for Maximum Power in Limiting Cases.- 3.5. Heat Generation.- 3.6. The Ideal Electrode Kinetic Parameters for Fuel Cells.- 4. Electrocatalysis.- 4.1. Major Role of Electrocatalysis in Electrochemical Energy Conversion.- 4.2. Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction.- 4.3. Oxygen Reduction Reaction.- 4.4. Electro-organic Oxidation.- 4.5. Sintering of Supported Metal Crystallites.- 5. Porous Gas Diffusion Electrodes.- 5.1. Models.- 5.2. Current-Potential Relations and Current and Potential Distributions.- 5.3. Extent of Utilization of Total Surface Area of Supported Catalysts.- 5.4. Surface Area Measurements.- 5.5. Transient Techniques to Study Porous Electrode Phenomena.- 6. Fuel Cell Systems: Applications, Performance, and Economics.- 6.1. Types of Applications of Fuel Cells.- 6.2. Fuel Cells for Electric and Gas Utility Application.- 6.3. Fuel Cells for Transportation.- 6.4. Fuel Cells for Space Applications.- 6.5. Important Parameters Determining Overall Efficiency and Cost 110 References.- 3. Electrochemical Energy Storage.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Need for Energy Storage.- 1.2. Energy Storage Technologies.- 2. The Theory of Galvanic Cells.- 2.1. Electrode Potentials.- 2.2. The Current-Potential Relation.- 2.3. Complete Galvanic Cells.- 2.4. The Galvanic Cell as Energy Converter.- 3. Electrochemical Storage Systems.- 3.1. Introductory Remarks.- 3.2. Rechargeable Batteries—Conventional Technology.- 3.3. Rechargeable Batteries—Future Systems.- 3.4. Primary Batteries.- 3.5. Fuel Cells.- 3.6. The Limits of Electrochemical Energy Storage (The “Super Battery”).- 4. Summary and Outlook.- 4.1. Industrial-Economical Aspects.- 4.2. Research Objectives.- References.- 4. Primary Batteries—Introduction.- 1. General Features.- 1.1. Early Developments.- 1.2. Applications of Primary Batteries.- 1.3. Basic Principles.- 1.4. Kinetic Aspects of Electrode Reactions.- 1.5. Discharge-Voltage Characteristics.- 2. Classification of Primary Cells and Batteries.- 3. Some Properties of Cathodes, Anodes, and Electrolytes.- 3.1. Cathodes.- 3.2. Anodes.- 3.3. Electrolytes.- 4. Performances of Primary Cells.- 4.1. Theoretical Considerations.- 4.2. Practical Outputs of Primary Cells.- References.- 5. Primary Batteries—Leclanché Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progress in Performance.- 3. Major Technical Changes.- 4. Chemical Reactions in the Cell.- 5. New Cells and Future Study Areas.- References.- 6. Primary Batteries—Alkaline Manganese Dioxide-Zinc Batteries.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The History of the Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cell.- 3. Electrochemistry of the Alkaline MnO2-Zinc System.- 4. Primary Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cells.- 4.1. Cell Designs.- 4.2. Performance Data.- 4.3. Physical Characteristics.- 5. Secondary Alkaline MnO2-Zinc Cells.- References.- 7. Primary Batteries—Sealed Mercurial Cathode Dry Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Structures.- 3. Cell Discharge Characteristics.- 4. Internal Resistance of the Zn-HgO Cell during Discharge.- 5. Mercury Voltage Reference Cell.- 6. Rechargeable HgO Cells.- 7. Zinc Mercuric Dioxysulfate Cell.- 8. Cell Structures for Zinc-Mercuric Dioxysulfate Cells.- Suggested Reading.- 8. Primary Batteries—Lithium Batteries.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Solid Cathode Cells.- 2.1. Electrolyte Solution Considerations.- 2.2. Electrode and Cell Constructions.- 2.3. Specific Systems.- 3. Liquid Cathode Cells.- 3.1. Electrolyte Solution Properties.- 3.2. Discharge Data on Liquid Cathode Cells.- 3.3. Anode Delay Phenomena.- 3.4. Safety Considerations.- 4. Summary and Future Possibilities.- References.- 9. Primary Batteries—Solid Electrolytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conduction Mechanisms in Solid Electrolytes.- 2.1. Ionic Defects in Crystals.- 2.2. Determination of Conduction Mechanism.- 2.3. Conductivity in Crystals Containing Excess Lattice Sites.- 2.4. Electronic Conductivity.- 3. Interface Effects in Solid Electrolyte Cells.- 4. Silver-Ion-Conducting Electrolyte Batteries.- 5. Lithium Iodide Electrolyte Batteries.- 6. Beta-Alumina Electrolyte Batteries.- Selected Reading.- References.- 10. Secondary Batteries—Introduction.- 1. Classification, General Features, and Intercomparisons.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Battery Features.- 1.3. Battery Applications.- 1.4. Characteristics and Classification of Secondary Batteries.- 1.5. Other Intercomparisons.- 2. New Ambient Temperature Batteries.- 2.1. The Zinc-Nickel Oxide Battery.- 2.2. The Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Battery.- 2.3. The Zinc-Chlorine Battery.- 2.4. The Zinc-Bromine Battery.- 2.5. The Zinc-Air Battery.- 2.6. The Iron-Air Battery.- 2.7. The Hydrogen-Nickel Oxide Battery.- 2.8. The Hydrogen-Silver Oxide Battery.- 2.9. The Hydrogen-Oxygen Battery.- 2.10. The Hydrogen-Halogen Battery.- 2.11. The Redox Battery.- 2.12. The Lithium-Organic Electrolyte Battery.- References.- 11. Secondary Batteries—New Batteries: High Temperature.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cells with Solid Electrolytes.- 2.1. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Sulfur Cell.- 2.2. The Sodium-Sodium-Glass-Sulfur Cell.- 2.3. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Antimony Trichloride Cell.- 2.4. The Sodium-Beta-Alumina-Sulfur Chloride Cell.- 3. Cells with Molten-Salt Electrolytes.- 3.1. The Lithium-Aluminum-Lithium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Iron Monosulfide Cell.- 3.2. The Lithium-Silicon-Lithium Chloride-Potassium Chloride-Iron Disulfide Cell.- 3.3. The Calcium-Silicon-Molten Halide-Iron Disulfide Cell .....- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 12. Secondary Batteries—Lead-Acid Batteries.- 1. History.- 2. General Theory.- 2.1. The Basic Electrochemical Reactions.- 2.2. Discharge Performance.- 2.3. Charging Performance.- 3. The Actual Appearance of Lead-Acid Batteries.- 3.1. Electrode Designs.- 3.2. Design of Cells and Batteries.- Selected Reading.- 13. Secondary Batteries—Nickel-Cadmium Battery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thermodynamics and Kinetics.- 3. Materials, Electrodes, and Cells.- 3.1. Materials.- 3.2. Electrode Types.- 3.3. Cell Types.- 4. Technical Performance.- 4.1. Charge-Discharge Characteristic.- 4.2. Charge Retention.- 4.3. Cycle Life.- 4.4. Maintenance.- 4.5. Energy Density and Efficiency.- 5. Application.- References.- 14. Secondary Batteries—Silver-Zinc Battery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Thermodynamics and Kinetics.- 3. Electrodes and Cells.- 3.1. Electrodes.- 3.2. Cell Types.- 4. Technical Performance.- 4.1. Charge-Discharge Characteristic.- 4.2. Charge Retention.- 4.3. Cycle Life.- 4.4. Maintenance.- 4.5. Energy Density and Efficiency.- 5. Application.- References.- 15. Electrochemical Power for Transportation.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical Background.- 1.2. Modern Transportation Needs.- 1.3. Environmental and Energy Utilization Issues.- 2. Electric Transportation Vehicles.- 2.1. Automobiles.- 2.2. Commercial Electric Vehicles.- 3. Electrochemical Power Source Requirements.- 3.1. Vehicle Propulsion Power Calculations.- 3.2. Battery Power Requirements.- 3.3. Battery Energy Requirements.- 3.4. Durability and Cost Requirements.- 4. Identification of Candidate Power Sources for Electric Vehicles.- 4.1. Battery Performance.- 4.2. Battery Durability.- 4.3. Battery Cost.- 4.4. Fuel Cells.- 5. Electrochemical Power Source Technology.- 5.1. Ambient Temperature Batteries.- 5.2. High-Temperature Batteries.- 5.3. Fuel Cells.- 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- References.- 16. A Hydrogen Economy.- 1. History.- 2. Hydrogen Economy and the Time Scale.- 3. Three Possible Energy Futures during the Coming Century.- 3.1. Coal.- 3.2. Nuclear Hydrogen.- 3.3. Coal-Nuclear Future.- 4. A Solar-Hydrogen Economy.- 5. The Necessity of Beginning the Development of a Hydrogen Economy Several Decades before the Ending of the Fossil Fuel Supply.- 6. The Relationship of Hydrogen to Coal.- 7. The Method of Obtaining Hydrogen on a Massive Scale.- 7.1. Hydrogen from Coal.- 7.2. Biomass.- 7.3. Hydroelectric Plants and the Electrolysis of Water.- 7.4. Hydrogen from Wind Power.- 7.5. Hydrogen from the Kinetic Energy of Natural Streams of Water in the Earth.- 8. The Manufacture of Hydrogen from Solar Energy.- 9. Methods of Decomposing Water.- 10. Electrochemical Decomposition of Water.- 10.1. Classical Electrolyzers.- 10.2. Modern Electrolyzers.- 10.3. Electrolysis of Thermal Systems.- 11. Decomposition of Water by Light.- 12. Hydrogen at High Temperatures.- 13. The Cost Aspect of the Production of Hydrogen.- 13.1. Time Scale.- 13.2. Cost and Price.- 13.3. Large- and Small-Scale Prices.- 13.4. The Cost of Electrochemical Processes in the Production of Hydrogen.- 13.5. The Production of Hydrogen from Coal.- 14. Applications of a Hydrogen Economy.- 14.1. Transmission.- 14.2. Transduction.- 15. Storage of Energy.- 15.1. Reservoirs.- 15.2. Liquefaction.- 15.3. Alloys.- 16. Safety Aspects of Hydrogen as a Fuel.- 16.1. Hydrogen in Transport and Housing.- 16.2. Industry.- 16.3. Pollutional Aspects.- 17. The Hydrogen Economy as the Cheapest Economy.- 18. Electrochemical Technology from Hydrogen Economy.- 18.1. Transportation.- 18.2. Industry.- References.