Advances in Solar Energy, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1985 An Annual Review of Research and Development Volume 2

A number of significant changes have occurred in Advances in Solar Energy since Volume 1 appeared in 1982. The delays in publication of the second volume are the result of reorganization of the American Solar Energy Society, and the negotiation of a new publishing arrangement. Beginning with this volume, Advances is now published jointly by the Society and Plenum Press. The Editorial Board has been enlarged to be more representative of the different fields of solar energy conversion. Production of Advances is being expedited through the use of modern word processing equipment and the 'lEX typesetting-editing program. We have gone to a single-column format to ease the problems of presenting long equations, and we expect that the user of the volume will find it easy to read. The use of 'lEX will make last minute updates possible. The external appearance of the volume matches that of Volume 1. We expect that future volumes of this annual will be proceeding on schedule. We invite comments from users and correspondence from prospective authors of critical reviews. Karl W. Boer John A. Duffie CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Measurement of Solar Radiation Ronald Stewart, Daniel W. Spencer and Richard Perez 1.1 Abstract 1 1.2 Characteristics of Pyranometers ....................................... . 2 1.3 General Features of a Pyranometer ................................... . 3 1.3.1 Instrument Sensitivity 4 1.3.2 Response with Time 4 1.3.3 Sensitivity 4 1.3.4 Responsivity ................................................. .

1 The Measurement of Solar Radiation.- 1.1 Abstract.- 1.2 Characteristics of Pyranometers.- 1.3 General Features of a Pyranometer.- 1.4 Pyranometers.- 1.5 Pyrheliometers.- Appendix 1.1 Historical Perspectives.- References.- 2 Environmental Requirements for Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass.- 2.1 Abstract.- 2.2 Introduction.- 2.3 Microbiology of Methanogens.- 2.4 Nutrient Requirements.- 2.5 Toxicity Response.- 2.6 Alkalinity.- 2.7 Modeling of the Anaerobic Digestion Process.- 2.8 Design Prerequisites.- 2.9 Future Directions.- References.- 3 Principles and Technology of Biomass Gasification.- 3.1 Abstract.- 3.2 Introduction.- 3.3 Gasifier Technology.- 3.4 Principles of Gasification.- 3.5 Conclusions.- 3.6 Acknowledgments.- Appendix 3.1 Units.- References.- 4 Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review of the Literature Part 2—Lignocellulose Pyrolysis.- 4.1 Abstract.- 4.2 Introduction.- 4.3 Pyrolysis of Carbohydrates.- 4.4 Pyrolysis of Lignin.- 4.5 Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials.- 4.6 Commercial Development.- 4.7 Conclusions.- 4.8 Acknowledgments.- 4.9 Notation.- References.- 5 Thermal Comfort and Passive Design.- 5.1 Historical Notes.- 5.2 Physiological Basis.- 5.3 Summary.- 5.4 Empirical Studies.- 5.5 Analytical Work.- 5.6 The Bioclimatic Chart.- 5.7 Variability of Comfort.- 5.8 Psychological Extensions.- 5.9 Consequences.- 5.10 Behavioral and Clothing Differences.- 5.11 Acclimatization and Habit.- 5.12 Passive Heating Systems and Comfort.- 5.13 Summary.- 5.14 References.- 6 Earth Contact Buildings: Applications, Thermal Analysis and Energy Benefits.- 6.1 Abstract.- 6.2 Earth Contact Structures and Their Applicability.- 6.3 The General Advantages of Earth Contact Structures.- 6.4 Potential Benefits Related to Energy Conservation.- 6.5 Potential Limitations Related to EnergyConservation.- 6.6 Application of Earth Contact Systems.- 6.7 Thermal Analysis of Earth Contact Buildings.- 6.8 Examples of Current Earth Contact Analysis.- 6.9 Investigations Using Computer Techniques.- 6.10 Example of a Detailed Computer Analysis.- 6.11 Future Research.- 6.12 Energy Performance Analysis for Components of Small Earth Contact Structures.- 6.13 General Description of Parametric Studies.- 6.14 Results and Highlights of Parametric Studies.- 6.15 Limitations of Parametric Studies.- 6.16 Preliminary Conclusions.- 6.17 References.- 7 Testing Solar Collectors.- 7.1 Abstract.- 7.2 Introduction.- 7.3 Basic Equations Governing the Thermal Performance of Solar Collectors.- 7.4 Testing Solar Collectors under Clear-Sky, Full-Irradiance Conditions.- 7.5 Testing Solar Collectors under Zero-Irradiance Conditions.- 7.6 Considerations in Testing Air Collectors.- 7.7 Calculating All-Day Collector Performance.- 7.8 Nomenclature.- References.- 8 Concentrating Solar Collectors.- 8.1 Abstract.- 8.2 Introduction.- 8.3 Nontracking Concentrators.- 8.4 Tracking Concentrators.- 8.5 Performance of Concentrating Collectors.- 8.6 Practical Considerations.- 8.7 Summary.- 8.8 References.