Chemical Pathways in the Brain, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1978 Handbook of Psychopharmacology Series

The first six volumes of the Handbook reviewed basic neuropharmacology, drawing on expertise in biochemistry, pharmacology and electrophysiology. The next three volumes focus attention on the functional importance of these basic neuropharmacological mechanisms for normal behavior. In order to study this interface in the intact functioning organism, appropriate methods for describing and quantifying behavior must be developed. The past twenty years have witnessed a revolution in the study of behavior which has taken us away from the often fruitless theoretical arguments to descriptive behaviorism. Technical achievements in the design of apparatus and the recording of behavior played an important role in these developments, and the resultant behavioral methods have been accepted and found useful in studying the effects of drugs. The development of psycho­ pharmacology as a discipline owes as much to these behavioral methods as it does to the basic neuropharmacological techniques pioneered for in vitra studies. In the first section of Volume 7, an effort has been made to provide reviews both of theory and practice in behavioral science. Milner's chapter deals with the concept of motivation in a theoretical framework. By contrast, the chapters by Morse et at. and Dews and DeWeese provide a more descriptive view of the various ways in which aversive stimuli control behavior and the importance of schedules of reinforcement in determining the profile of responding in the animal. The equal importance of observational behav­ ioral methods is well illustrated by Mackintosh et at.

1 Surgical and Chemical Lesion Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stereotaxic Technique.- 3. Nonselective Lesion Techniques.- 3.1. Mechanical Methods.- 3.2. Injection of Nonselective Toxins.- 3.3. Alterations of Cerebral Vasculature.- 3.4. Radioisotopic and Related Methods.- 3.5. Ultrasound Technique.- 3.6. Thermal Methods.- 3.7. Electrolytic Methods.- 4. Selective Lesion Techniques.- 4.1. Neurotoxic Catecholamine Derivatives.- 4.2. Neurotoxic Indoleamine Derivatives.- 5. Interpretation of Lesion Effects.- 5.1. Acute Effects.- 5.2. Chronic Effects.- 6. References.- 7. Bibliography of Stereotaxic Atlases.- 7.1. Rat Brain Atlases.- 7.2. Cat Brain Atlases.- 7.3. Primate Brain Atlases.- 7.4. Rabbit Brain Atlases.- 7.5. Hamster Brain Atlases.- 7.6. Guinea Pig Brain Atlases.- 7.7. Miscellaneous Atlases.- 2 Identification of Transmitter-Specific Neurons in CNS by Autoradiographic Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Techniques.- 2.1. Introduction of Labeled Transmitters.- 2.2. Fixation and Autoradiography.- 3. Monoamines.- 3.1. Catecholamines.- 3.2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- 4. Amino Acids.- 4.1. Uptake of GABA by Inhibitory Neurons.- 4.2. Uptake of GABA by Glial Cells.- 4.3. Glycine.- 4.4. Glutamic Acid.- 5. References.- 3 Immunocytochemical Studies of the Distribution of Neurotransmitters and Related Substances in CNS.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodological Aspects.- 3. Catecholamine and Serotonin Biosynthetic Enzymes.- 3.1. Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- 3.2. Dopa Decarboxylase (Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase).- 3.3. Dopamine-?-Hydroxylase.- 3.4. Phenylethanolamine N-Methyl Transferase.- 3.5. Tryptophan Hydroxylase.- 4. GABA Biosynthetic Enzyme: Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase.- 4.1. Cerebellum.- 4.2. Spinal Cord.- 4.3. Substantia Nigra.- 5. The Olfactory Bulb.- 6. Acetylcholine Biosynthetic Enzyme: Choline Acetyl Transferase.- 7. Immunocytochemistry of the Neuroactive Peptides.- 7.1. Neurohypophyseal Peptides.- 7.2. Hypophysiotropic Hypothalamic Peptides (Releasing Factors).- 7.3. Neurotransmitter-like Peptides.- 8. Perspectives on the Application of Immunocytochemical Methods to the Study of Neurotransmitters and Related Substances.- 9. Conclusions.- 10. References.- 4 Organization of Catecholamine Neurons in the Rat Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Catecholamine-Containing Cell Bodies.- 2.1. Lateral Tegmental Catecholamine Cell System.- 2.2. Dorsal Medullary Catecholamine Cell System.- 2.3. Locus Coeruleus Noradrenalin Cell Group.- 2.4. Mesencephalic Dopamine Cell System.- 2.5. Midline and Periventricular Catecholamine Cell System.- 2.6. Dopamine Cells of the Incertohypothalamic System.- 2.7. Dopamine Cells of the Tuberohypophyseal System.- 2.8. Periglomerular Dopamine Neurons.- 3. Organization of Catecholamine Axon Pathways in the Central Nervous System.- 3.1. Methodological Considerations.- 3.2. Principal Organization of Catecholamine Pathways.- 3.3. Dorsal Tegmental Bundle.- 3.4. Central Tegmental Tract.- 3.5. Periventricular System.- 3.6. Tegmental Catecholamine Radiations.- 3.7. Nigrostriatal System.- 3.8. Medial Forebrain Bundle System.- 3.9. Bulbospinal System.- 4. Regional Organization of Catecholamine Innervation.- 4.1. Neocortex.- 4.2. Septal Area.- 4.3. Amygdala, Olfactory Cortex, and Olfactory Bulb.- 4.4. Hippocampus.- 4.5. Hypothalamus.- 4.6. Thalamus.- 4.7. Pretectum and Tectum.- 4.8. Cerebellum.- 4.9. Lower Brainstem.- 4.10. Spinal Cord.- 4.11. Retina.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 5 The Serotonin-Producing Neurons of the Midbrain Median and Dorsal Raphe Nuclei.- 1. Introduction to Ascending Serotonin Fibers.- 2. Historical Overview: Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei.- 2.1. Brain Serotonin.- 2.2. Histochemical Fluorescence.- 2.3. Medial Forebrain Bundle.- 2.4. Lesions of Raphe Nuclei.- 2.5. Autoradiography Connection Tracing.- 2.6. Differential Projections.- 3. Anatomy.- 3.1. Ascending Efferent Projections of the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei.- 3.2. Afferent Projections to the Median and Dorsal Raphe Nuclei.- 4. Ultrastructure of the Serotonin Neuron.- 4.1. Perikaryon.- 4.2. Axons.- 5. Development of the Serotonin System.- 5.1. Neurochemistry.- 5.2. Histochemical Fluorescence.- 5.3. Thymidine Labeling.- 5.4. Epiphytic Guidance.- 6. Regeneration of the Serotonin-Containing Axons.- 6.1. Transplant Studies.- 6.2. Regeneration Studies.- 6.3. Physiological Function.- 7. Biosynthesis of Serotonin.- 7.1. Soma.- 7.2. Terminals.- 7.3. Substrate.- 7.4. Oxygen.- 7.5. Cofactor.- 7.6. Enzyme.- 8. Neurophysiology of Serotonin-Containing Neurons.- 8.1. Rate of Firing.- 8.2. Axonal Conduction.- 8.3. Transneuronal Effect.- 8.4. Iontophoresis.- 9. Behavior and the Serotonin System.- 9.1. Electrolytic Lesions of Raphe Nuclei.- 9.2. Neurotoxin Lesions.- 9.3. Hippocampus and Serotonin.- 9.4. Modulatory Role.- 10. Neuroendocrinology and the Serotonin System.- 10.1. Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- 10.2. Steroids and Serotonin Metabolism.- 10.3. Steroids-Hippocampus-Raphe Serotonin.- 10.4. Serotonin-Pituitary.- 10.5. Steroids-Serotonin-Pituitary.- 10.6. Homeostatic Relationship.- 11. Epilogue.- Appendix I. Central Magnocellular Nucleus of the Raphe.- Cerebral Superior Nucleus.- Inferior Central Gray Substance.- Appendix II. Rat Atlas of Dorsal Raphe and Median Raphe Projections.- 12. References.- 6 Cholinergic Pathways in CNS.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Review of Light-Microscopic Techniques.- 2.1. Historical Background.- 2.2. Theoretical Principles as Typified by the Azo Dye Technique.- 2.3. Thiocholine Technique.- 2.4. Other Techniques.- 3. Application of the Thiocholine Technique.- 3.1. Some Theoretical Considerations.- 3.2. Procedure for Light Microscopy.- 3.3. Technique for Electron Microscopy.- 4. Other Methods of Assessing Cholinergic Activity.- 4.1. Choline Acetylase Activity.- 4.2. High-Affinity Choline Uptake.- 4.3. Receptor Sites for Acetylcholine.- 4.4. Comparison of the Various Methods.- 5. Distribution and Significance of Central Acetylcholinesterase-Containing Neurons.- 5.1. Brainstem.- 5.2. Subcortical Forebrain Areas.- 5.3. Limbic Regions.- 5.4. Visual System.- 6. Functional Roles of the Cholinergic System.- 6.1. Behavioral Inhibition.- 6.2. Selective Attention, Learning, and Memory.- 6.3. Drug-Induced Analgesia.- 6.4. Stress.- 7. References.- 7 Localization of GABA-ergic Neurons in the CNS.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. GABA as a Transmitter in Brain.- 1.2. Value of Different Parameters in Demonstrating GABA-ergic Neurons.- 1.3. Strategy for Localizing GABA-ergic Structures.- 1.4. Intraterminal Concentrations of GABA and GAD.- 2. Regional Distribution of GAD, GABA, GABA-T, SSD, and GABA Uptake.- 3. Cerebellum.- 3.1. Purkinje Cells.- 3.2. Interneurons in the Cerebellar Cortex.- 4. Spinal Cord and Brainstem.- 4.1. Spinal Cord.- 4.2. Dorsal Column Nuclei.- 4.3. Cochlear Nucleus.- 4.4. Eye Motor Nuclei.- 4.5. Vestibular Nucleus.- 4.6. Substantia Nigra.- 5. Basal Ganglia.- 5.1. Anatomy and Physiology.- 5.2. Biochemistry.- 6. Hypothalamus.- 7. Visual System.- 7.1. Retina.- 7.2. Optic Tectum and Lateral Geniculate Body.- 8. Cortical Structures.- 8.1. Hippocampus.- 8.2. Neocortex.- 9. Limbic Structures.- 9.1. Septum.- 9.2. Nucleus Accumbens.- 9.3. Nucleus Interstitialis Striae Terminalis.- 9.4. Substantia Innominata.- 9.5. Amygdala.- 10. Olfactory Bulb.- 11. Sensory Cells.- 11.1. Olfactory Cells.- 11.2. Inner Ear and Lateral Line Organs.- 12. References.