ETA's Terrorist Campaign From Violence to Politics, 1968–2015 Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy Series

This book analyses the rise and decline of the Basque terrorist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom). ETA declared a unilateral ceasefire in November 2011, bringing to a close a campaign of political violence that started in the late 1960s. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the overwhelming majority of secession supporters agreed that an independent Basque homeland would be realised through ?ballots? and not ?bullets?.

Providing an inter-disciplinary overview of radical Basque nationalism that pays special attention to the drivers for ETA?s decline, defeat and disbandment, this book includes chapters by historians, political scientists and sociologists who offer three important theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on nationhood and security studies. Firstly the book re-assesses the military conflict that opposed ETA and the Spanish state, by paying special attention to tactical and strategic considerations as well as the counter-terrorist policy itself. Secondly it provides an original interpretation of the politics of fear which surrounded the process of victimization, as well as assessing the extent to which the issue of violence led to the polarisation of citizens. Thirdly the authors examine the historical narratives and rituals that contributed to the production and reproduction of identity binaries and memories of war.

Arguing that the defeat of ETA must be contextualised within the strategic evolution of Basque nationalism, the declining resonance of the radical message and the effectiveness of the Spanish counter-terrorist effort, this book is essential reading for students and scholars working in the areas of European politics, nationalism and terrorism studies.

Introduction

Part I: ETA and the Spanish State

1. The origins of ETA: between Francoism and democracy, 1958-1981

2. ETA during democracy, 1981-2014

3. Democratisation of the Spanish state: between extreme right-wing violence and police brutality (1978-1987)

4. Democratic Politics and the strength of the Rule of Law, 1992-2015

Part II: The Politics of Fear

5. Epic, memory and the making of an uncivil community

6. The practice of killing: perpetrators and accomplices

7. The impact of ethno-nationalist violence: Comparing the experiences of victims of ETA and paramilitaries in Northern Ireland

8. Between fear, indignation and indifference. Basque public opinion and socio-political behavior facing terrorism

Part III: Narratives and Memory

9. Historical narratives, violence and nation. Reconsidering ‘The Basque conflict’

10. The battle for the past: Community, forgetting, democracy

11. Basque violence in the international academy

12. Conclusion

Rafael Leonisio is Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of the Basque Country, Spain.

Fernando Molina is tenured Research Fellow at the University of the Basque Country, Spain.

Diego Muro is Assistant Professor at the Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals (IBEI), Spain.