Membrane Biogenesis, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1975 Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Bacteria

There are currently a growing number of laboratories actively studying the mechanism by which various biological membranes are assembled. This area of research is still relatively new to biochemists and molecular biologists, but in view of the rapid progress being made, a review of the field at this time is justified. The present volume focuses on the biogenesis of three related membranes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles whose biogenesis is carried out partly in the external cytoplasm and partly by the organelles themselves. Both membranes are principally concerned with the energy metabolism of the cell, and this commonality of function is reflected in a considerable degree of similarity in their ul­ trastructure and enzymatic composition. Although the bacterial cell membrane is a much more diversified structure, it also fulfills the basic energy requirements of the cell, and depending on the organism, this can take the form of photosynthesis or oxidative phosphorylation. The addi­ tional consideration that prokaryotic organisms may, in fact, be the evolu­ tionary ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts, makes it all the more compelling that those interested in biogenesis be aware of new develop­ ments in each of these three areas. In organizing this book, I felt that the contributors should summarize and bring up to date their own research and review the literature only in­ sofar as would be necessary to provide the proper perspective for their work.

1 Current Problems in Membrane Biogenesis.- 1. Organization of Protein and Lipid Components of Membranes.- 1.1. Lipid Components.- 1.2. Protein Constituents.- 2. General Aspects of Membrane Growth.- 2.1. Integration of Hydrophobic Proteins.- 2.2. Assembly of Membrane Enzymes.- 2.3. Integration Sites of Membranes.- 2.4. Integration of Lipids.- 3. Some Problems in Organelle and Bacterial Envelope Biogenesis.- 3.1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.- 3.2. Bacterial Envelope.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 2 Biogenetic Autonomy of Mitochondria and Its Limits.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Limits on Mitochondrial Translational Products and Their Specification and Function.- 2.1. Are Any Mitochondrial Polypeptides Encoded in Mitochondrial Genes?.- 2.2. Limits on Mitochondrial Translation.- 2.3. Translational and Functional Limits in Cytochrome Oxidase.- 3. Interrelationships between Intra- and Extramitochondrial Entities and Events and Their Regions.- 3.1. Mitochondrial DNA and Its Replication.- 3.2. Mitochondrial RNA and Transcription.- 3.3. Polypeptides of the Inner Membrane and Their Translation.- 4. Limits of Programmatic Autonomy.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. Catabolite Repression and Its Release.- 4.3. Response to EtdBr as a Probe for Reactions with mtDNA.- 5. References.- 3 Stable Pleiotropic Respiratory-Deficient Mutants of a “Petite-Negative” Yeast.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physiology and Biochemistry of Respiration in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.- 2.1. Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth on Fermentable and Nonfermentable Substrates.- 2.2. Glucose Repression and Derepression.- 2.3. Respiration and Fermentation.- 2.4. Morphology.- 2.5. Isolation of Mitochondria.- 2.6. Cytochromes.- 2.7. Mitochondrial ATPase.- 2.8. Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis.- 2.9. Synthesis of Mitochondrial Components during the Cell Cycle.- 2.10. Energetics of Cellular Uptake.- 3. Chromosomal Pleiotropic Respiratory-Deficient Mutants.- 3.1. Definition and Conceptual Ambiguities.- 3.2. Experimental Ambiguities.- 3.3. Types of Pleiotropy.- 3.4. Isolation and Frequency of Pleiotropic Respiratory-Deficient Mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.- 3.5. Properties of the Chromosomal Pleiotropic Respiratory-Deficient Mutant M126.- 3.6. Primary Deficiencies in Pleiotropic Respiratory-Deficient Mutants.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 4 Biogenesis of the Yeast Mitochondrial Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Composition of Mitochondrial Membranes.- 3. The Cytoplasmic and Mitochondrial Protein-Synthesizing Systems: Their Properties and Role in Mitochondrial Membrane Synthesis.- 4. Products of the Mitochondrial Protein-Synthesizing System.- 4.1. ATPase.- 4.2. Cytochrome Oxidase.- 4.3. Cytochrome b.- 4.4. Mitochondrial Ribosomes.- 5. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane-Transport Systems.- 5.1. Di- and Tricarboxylic Anion Transporters.- 5.2. Adenine Nucleotide Transporter.- 6. Subcellular Sites of Synthesis of Mitochondrial Lipids.- 7. Factors Affecting Mitochondrial Development.- 7.1. Catabolite Repression.- 7.2. Anaerobiosis and Respiratory Induction.- 7.3. Unsaturated Fatty Acid Depletion.- 8. References.- 5 Biogenesis of Cytochrome Oxidase and Cytochrome b in Neurospora crassa.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Labeling of Neurospora crassa Proteins by In Vivo Incorporation of Amino Acids.- 3. Purification of Cytochrome Oxidase and Cytochrome b from the Radioactively Labeled Mitochondrial Membranes.- 4. Biogenesis of Cytochrome Oxidase.- 4.1. Spectrophotometry Properties and Enzymatic Activity of Purified Cytochrome Oxidase.- 4.2. Subunit Composition of Cytochrome Oxidase.- 4.3. Translation Site of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunits.- 4.4. Pool Size of the Precursor Polypeptides of Cytochrome Oxidase.- 4.5. Isolation of a Precursor of the 20,000 M Subunit by Immunoprecipitation.- 5. Biogenesis of Cytochrome b.- 5.1. Spectrophotometric Properties of Purified Cytochrome b.- 5.2. Molecular Weight of Cytochrome b.- 5.3. Subunit Composition of Cytochrome b.- 5.4. Site of Translation of the Cytochrome b Subunit(s).- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 6 Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interactions in the Biogenesis of Mitochondria in Yeast.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Studies with Cold-Sensitive Yeast Mutants.- 2.1. Genotypically Unstable Mutants.- 2.2. Phenotypically Unstable Mutants.- 3. The Import of Nuclear-Encoded Proteins into Mitochondria.- 3.1. Cytoplasmic Ribosomes Bound to the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane.- 3.2. Characterization of Mitochondria-Associated Cytoplasmic Ribosomes.- 3.3. Vectorial Release of Nascent Polypeptide Chains.- 3.4. Ribosome Membrane Attachment.- 3.5. The Site of Synthesis of ATPase and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase.- 3.6. Higher Eukaryotes.- 4. References.- 7 Eukaryotic Intracellular Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Steps in the Development of Photosynthetic Membranes in Plastids of Zea Mays.- 2.1. Etioplasts Contain a Coupling Factor for Photosynthetic Phosphorylation.- 2.2. Acid-to-Base Phosphorylation as a Measure of Plastid Membrane Maturity.- 2.3. Proteins in Etioplast and Chloroplast Membranes.- 3. Intracellular Gene Dispersal: Genes for Chlamydomonas Chloroplast Ribosomal Proteins.- 4. Speculations on the Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotism.- 4.1. Mechanisms of Gene Dispersal within Eukaryotic Cells.- 4.2. Diversity of the Division of Function in Eukaryotic Cells.- 5. References.- 8 The Synthesis of Chloroplast Membranes in Pisum sativum.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Protein Synthesis by Isolated Pea Chloroplasts.- 4. Products of In Vitro Protein Synthesis.- 4.1. Identification of the Soluble Peak.- 4.2. Identification of the Membrane-Bound Peaks.- 5. In Vivo Inhibitor Experiments.- 6. Products of Protein Synthesis by Isolated Pea Etioplasts.- 7. Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope.- 8. Roles of Free and Bound Chloroplast Ribosomes.- 9. Summary and Prospects.- 10. References.- 9 Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Considerations.- 3. Development of Photosynthetic Membranes in Chlamydomonos reinhardi y-1.- 3.1. General Description of the System.- 3.2. The Degreening Process.- 3.3. The Greening Process.- 3.4. Synthesis of Membrane Proteins during Greening.- 3.5. Development of Photosynthetic Activity during Membrane Formation.- 3.6. Effect of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors on the Development of the Chloroplast Membranes.- 3.7. Membrane Assembly.- 4. Control of Chloroplast Membrane Biogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.- 5. Open Problems Concerning the Control of Chloroplast Membrane Synthesis and Chloroplast-Cytoplasm Interaction.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 10 Biosynthesis and Assembly of the Outer Membrane Proteins of Escherichia coli.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Outer Membrane Proteins.- 2.1. General Characterization.- 2.2. Protein in Peak 4: Matrix Protein.- 2.3. Protein in Peak 6: Y Protein.- 2.4. Protein in Peak 7: tol G Protein.- 2.5. Protein in Peak 11: Channel Lipoprotein.- 2.6. Other Outer Membrane Proteins.- 3. Biosynthesis and Assembly.- 3.1. Effects of Antibiotics.- 3.2. Stability of mRNA.- 3.3. Mechanism of Assembly.- 4. Structural Lipoprotein: Peak 11 Protein.- 4.1. Free Form and Bound Form.- 4.2. Chemical Structure.- 4.3. Conversion Reaction from Free Form to Bound Form.- 4.4. In Vivo Biosynthesis.- 4.5. In Vitro Biosynthesis.- 4.6. Function: Assembly Model.- 4.7. Paracrystallization of Free Form.- 5. Assembly Model of the Outer Membrane.- 6. References.- 11 Role of Adhesion Zones in Bacterial Cell-Surface Function and Biogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some General Structural and Functional Properties of Bacterial Cell Envelopes.- 3. Ultrastructure of the Bacterial Envelope.- 3.1. The “Rigid Layer”.- 3.2. The Outer and Inner Membranes.- 3.3. Adhesion Zones.- 4. Functions of the Adhesion Zones.- 4.1. F-Pilus Insertion.- 4.2. Flagellum Insertion.- 4.3. Phage Adsorption and Localization of Receptor Sites.- 4.4. Superinfection and Exclusion.- 4.5. The Site of LPS Synthesis.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 12 Studies on Bacterial Membrane Biogenesis Using Glycerol Auxotrophs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Properties of Glycerol Auxotrophs.- 3. Effects of Glycerol Deprivation on Lipid Synthesis.- 4. Effects of Glycerol Deprivation on Macromolecular Synthesis.- 5. Effects of Protein Synthesis on Lipid Synthesis.- 6. Integration of Complex Enzyme Systems into Membranes in the Absence of Phospholipid Synthesis.- 7. Physiological Consequences of the Cessation of Phospholipid Synthesis.- 8. Topology of Membrane Synthesis.- 9. References.