Fungal Lipid Biochemistry, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1974 Distribution and Metabolism Monographs in Lipid Research Series

With the development of highly sophisticated analytical techniques and instrumentation during the past 15-20 years, progress in the field of lipid biochemistry has been greatly accelerated. Within this period, there has been an increasing volume of information concerning the distribution and metabolism of lipids in animals and, more recently, in plants. The fungi have played an important role in studies concerning the biochemistry of lipids and, in this text, they are treated separately from the photosynthetic plants. This book is concerned with distribution and bio­ chemistry of lipids in fungi. The text is divided into three sections, beginning with an introduction to fungallipids which includes total lipid abundances in fungal cells and cell fractions and cultural conditions influencing lipid production. In the second section, each chapter deals with the distribution andjor metabolism of a single lipid class as it occurs in fungi. Comparisons with plants and animals are also included. Six major lipid classes are covered which include the aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, triacylglycerols, glycerophosphatides, and sphingolipids. The third section contains two chapters concerned with the physiology and ultrastructure of fungal spore formation and germination with particular emphasis on lipids. Although this book is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature, the information presented is compiled from over 1000 articles, most of which were published during the past 10-12 years.

Section I Fungal Lipids.- 1 Introduction to Fungal Lipids.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Total Lipids.- 1.2.1. Lipids of Vegetative Hyphae and Yeast Cells.- 1.2.2. Spore and Sclerotial Lipids.- 1.3. Lipids and Fungal Growth.- 1.4. Cultural Conditions for Lipid Production.- 1.4.1. Temperature.- 1.4.2. Carbon Source.- 1.4.3. Inorganic Nutrients.- 1.4.4. pH.- 1.4.5. Aeration.- 1.4.6. Vitamins.- 1.5. Cellular Distribution of Lipids.- 1.5.1. Cell Wall.- 1.5.2. Cytoplasm.- 1.6. References.- Section II Lipid Classes.- 2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Distribution in the Fungi.- 2.3. Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Synthesis in Higher Plants.- 2.3.1. Head-to-Head Condensation Mechanism.- 2.3.2. Elongation—Decarboxylation Mechanisms.- 2.3.3. Head-to-Head Condensation between Acceptor and Donor Acids.- 2.4. Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Synthesis in Bacteria.- 2.5. Biological Oxidation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.5.1. Corynebacterium 7EIC.- 2.5.2. Pseudomonas oleovorans.- 2.5.3. Higher Animals.- 2.5.4. Yeasts.- 2.5.5. Higher Plants.- 2.6. References.- 3 Fatty Acids.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Nomenclature and Structure.- 3.3. Distribution in the Fungi.- 3.3.1. Myxomycetes and Acrasiales.- 3.3.2. Phycomycetes.- 3.3.3. Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi).- 3.3.4. Basidiomycetes.- 3.4. Cellular and Extracellular Distributions.- 3.4.1. Mycelial and Yeast Cells.- 3.4.1.1. Cell wall.- 3.4.1.2. Protoplast and Membrane.- 3.4.2. Extracellular Fatty Acids.- 3.5. Fatty Acids of Fungal Spores and Sclerotia.- 3.5.1. Spores.- 3.5.1.1. Phycomycetes.- 3.5.1.2. Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes.- 3.5.1.3. Basidiomycetes.- 3.5.2. Sclerotia.- 3.6. References.- 4 Fatty Acid Metabolism.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids.- 4.2.1. Formation of the Initial Reactants in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis.- 4.2.1.1. Substrate Activation.- 4.2.1.2. Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA.- 4.2.2. Reactions and Enzymes of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis.- 4.2.2.1. Transacylation.- 4.2.2.2. Condensation.- 4.2.2.3. Reduction.- 4.2.2.4. Dehydration.- 4.2.2.5. Reduction.- 4.2.2.6. Terminal Transfer.- 4.2.3. Fatty Acid Synthetase of Yeast.- 4.2.4. Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Synthesis by the Yeast Fatty Synthetase Complex.- 4.2.5. Control of Fatty Acid Synthesis.- 4.2.6. Fatty Acid Elongation.- 4.3. Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids.- 4.3.1. Monounsaturated Fatty Acids.- 4.3.1.1. Aerobic Pathways.- 4.3.1.2. Anaerobic Pathway.- 4.3.2. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.- 4.4. Biosynthesis of Unusual Fatty Acids.- 4.4.1. Nonmethylene Interrupted Ethylenic Acids.- 4.4.2. Acetylenic Acids.- 4.4.3. Substituted Acids.- 4.4.3.1. Hydroxy Acids.- 4.4.3.2. Epoxy Acids.- 4.4.3.3. Methyl Branched-Chain Acids.- 4.5. Fatty Acid Degradation.- 4.5.1. ?-Oxidation.- 4.5.2. ?-Oxidation.- 4.5.3. ?-Oxidation.- 4.5.4. Lipoxidase.- 4.6. References.- 5 Sterols.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Structure and Nomenclature.- 5.3. Distribution in the Fungi.- 5.3.1. Phycomycetes.- 5.3.2. Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes.- 5.3.3. Basidiomycetes.- 5.4. Phylogenetic Relationships.- 5.5. Functions of Sterols.- 5.5.1. Higher Plants.- 5.5.2. Fungi.- 5.6. References.- 6 Sterol Biosynthesis.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Formation of Squalene.- 6.3. Cyclization of Squalene and the Formation of Lanosterol and Cycloartenol.- 6.4. Conversion of Lanosterol to Ergosterol.- 6.4.1. Demethylation Reactions.- 6.4.2. C-24 Alkylation.- 6.4.3. Formation of ?8—4— Desmethyl Sterols.- 6.4.4. Formation of Ergosterol from ?8—4— Desmethyl Sterols.- 6.5. Biosynthesis of C27 and C29 Sterols by Fungi.- 6.6. Sterols, Taxonomy, and Fungal Phylogeny.- 6.7. References.- 7 Acylglycerides, Glycosylglycerides, and Simple Esters.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Acylglycerides.- 7.2.1. Nomenclature and Structure.- 7.2.2. Distribution.- 7.2.3. Biosynthesis.- 7.2.4. Lipases.- 7.2.4.1. Pancreatic Lipase.- 7.2.4.2. Fungal Lipases.- 7.2.4.3. Stereospecific Analyses of Acylglycerides.- 7.3. Glycosylglycerides.- 7.4. Simple Esters.- 7.4.1. Methyl and Ethyl Esters of Long-Chain Fatty Acids.- 7.4.2. Sterol Esters.- 7.5. References.- 8 Phosphoglycerides.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Nomenclature, Structure, and General Distribution.- 8.3. Distribution in the Fungi.- 8.4. Phosphoglyceride Biosynthesis.- 8.5. Phospholipases.- 8.5.1. Phospholipases A, B, C, D, and Lysophospholipase.- 8.5.2. Occurrence of Phospholipases in Fungi.- 8.6. References.- 9 Sphingolipids.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Structure and Nomenclature.- 9.3. Distribution.- 9.3.1. Plants and Animals.- 9.3.2. Fungi.- 9.3.2.1. Long-Chain Bases.- 9.3.2.2. Fatty Acids.- 9.3.2.3. Carbohydrates.- 9.4. Sphingolipid Metabolism.- 9.4.1. Biosynthesis.- 9.4.1.1. Long-Chain Bases.- 9.4.1.2. Cerebrosides.- 9.4.1.3. Ceramide Oligoglycosides and Other Complex Sphingolipids.- 9.4.2. Degradation.- 9.5. References.- Section III Physiology and Ultrastructure of Sporogenesis and Spore Germination in Fung.- 10 Lipid Metabolism and Ultrastructure During Spore Germination.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Review of Spore Germination.- 10.3. Lipid Metabolism and Ultrastructure of Spore Germination in the Various Fungal Classes.- 10.3.1. Myxomycetes.- 10.3.2. Zygomycetes.- 10.3.3. Chytridiomycetes.- 10.3.4. Oomycetes.- 10.3.5. Ascomycetes.- 10.3.5.1. The Activation Process.- 10.3.5.2. Metabolic Changes.- 10.3.5.3. Ultrastructural Changes in Lipid Bodies.- 10.3.6. Basidiomycetes.- 10.3.6.1. Stimulators and Inhibitors.- 10.3.6.2. Respiratory Activities.- 10.3.6.3. Metabolic Changes.- 10.3.6.4. Ultrastructural Changes in Lipid Bodies.- 10.3.7. Deuteromycetes.- 10.4. References.- 11 Lipid Metabolism and Ultrastructure Changes During Sporulation in Fungi.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Review of Sporulation in Fungi.- 11.3. Electron Microscopy of Fungal Sporulation.- 11.4. Specific Changes in Lipids and Ultrastructure During Sporulation.- 11.4.1. Myxomycetes and Cellular Slime Molds.- 11.4.2. Chytridiomycetes.- 11.4.3. Oomycetes.- 11.4.4. Zygomycetes.- 11.4.5. Trichomycetes.- 11.4.6. Ascomycetes.- 11.4.7. Basidiomycetes.- 11.4.8. Deuteromycetes.- 11.5. References.- Index to Fungal Species.