The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004

1 The Arctic Ocean: Boundary Conditions and Background Information.- 1.1 Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Definition of the Arctic Ocean and its Constituent Seas.- 1.1.3 Bathymetry and Physiography.- 1.1.4 Volumes, Areas and Mean Depths of the Arctic Ocean and its Constituent Seas.- 1.2 The Arctic Ocean: Modern Status and Recent Climate Change.- 1.2.1 Modern hydrography and Sea-ice Cover of the Arctic Ocean.- 1.2.2 The Arctic Ocean and Global Change.- 1.2.2.1 The distant past.- 1.2.2.2 Recent change and the Arctic Oscillation.- 1.2.2.3 The Future.- 1.3 The Tectonic Evolution of the Arctic Ocean: Overview and Perspectives.- 1.4 Geochemical Proxies Used for Organic Carbon Source Identification in Arctic Ocean Sediments.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Organic geochemical bulk parameters.- 1.4.3 Maceral composition.- 1.4.4 Biomarker composition.- 1.4.5 The application of redox markers to organic carbon sediment geochemistry.- 2 Modern Terrigenous Organic Carbon Input to the Arctic Ocean.- 2.1 General Introduction.- 2.2 River Input.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 River water and suspended matter.- 2.2.3 Fluxes of organic carbon.- 2.3 Organic Carbon Input to the Artic Seas Through Coastal Erosion.- 2.3.1 Introduction.- 2.3.2 Methodology.- 2.3.3 Coastal organic carbon input.- 2.4 The Role of Arctic Sea Ice in Transporting and Cycling Terrestrial Organic Matter.- 2.4.1 Introduction.- 2.4.2 Methods.- 2.4.3 Sea ice transport in the Arctic Ocean and entrainment of particulate matter.- 2.4.4 Dissolved organic carbon in sea ice.- 2.4.5 Particulate organic carbon in sea ice.- 2.4.6 Conclusions.- 2.5 Aeolian Input.- 2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 3 Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Major Algal Groups and Their Distribution.- 3.2.1 Distribution of species.- 3.2.2 Nutritional and chemical properties.- 3.3 Limitation and Control of Primary Production.- 3.3.1 Light.- 3.3.2 Nutrients.- 3.4 Primary Production and Growth Rate.- 3.4.1 New vs. regenerative primary production.- 3.4.2 Chla: C ratio, light saturation index, photoacclimation.- 3.4.3 Growth rate.- 3.4.4 Growth strategies.- 3.5 Seasonality.- 3.5.1 Pre-bloom, winter and survial.- 3.5.2 Spring blooms, vertical mixing and ice-edge blooms.- 3.5.3 The post bloom.- 3.6 Distribution of Primary Production.- 3.6.1 The deep Arctic Ocean Basin.- 3.6.2 Polynyas.- 3.6.3 Arctic Shelf Seas.- 3.6.4 The Atlantic sector: The Nordic Seas, Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay and Labrador Sea.- 3.6.5 Bering Shelf.- 3.6.6 Oceanic Bering Sea.- 3.6.7 Sea of Okhotsk.- 3.7 Mesozooplankton.- 3.7.1 Mesozooplankton biomass.- 3.7.2 Grazing and mesozooplankton production.- 3.7.3 Match-mismatch.- 3.8 Primary Production — Impact of Climate Change.- 3.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 4 The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter for the Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Riverine DOM on Arctic Shelves and Beyond.- 4.2.1 Estuarine Mixing.- 4.2.2 Chemical characteristics and origin of DOM on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.3 The role of bacteria and photochemical processes on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.4 The role of sea ice formation on DOM on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.5 The distribution of terrestrial DOM in the central Arctic Ocean and the GIN Sea.- 4.3 Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Fluxes of Marine DOM in the Central Arctic Ocean.- 4.3.1 Primary production and bacterial utilization of DOM.- 4.3.2 DOM distribution and chemical composition.- 4.3.3 DOC exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and adjacent Ocean basins.- 4.3.4 Vertical export of DOC in the Arctic Ocean.- 4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Arctic Ocean Sea Floor.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 What do we Know About Vertical Carbon Flux from the Arctic Ocean.- 5.3 Case Studies.- 5.3.1 North Water Polynya (B. Hargrave).- 5.3.2 North East Water Polynya (E. Bauerfeind).- 5.3.3 Greenland Sea (R. Peinert, T. Noji).- 5.3.4 Central Barents Sea and Northern Spitsbergen.- 5.3.5 Eastern Barents Sea and Kara Sea (V. Shevchenko).- 5.3.6 Laptev Sea and Lomonosov Ridge (E.-M. Nöthig, V. Shevchenko).- 5.3.7 Northern Bering Sea (H. Sasaki, M. Fukuchi).- 5.3.8 Canadian Ice Island (B. Hargrave).- 5.3.9 Canadian Archipelago: Barrow Strait (M. Fortier).- 5.4 Regional Variability in POC Export Flux in the Arctic Ocean Determined Using 234Th as a Tracer.- 5.4.1 Introduction and Background.- 5.4.2 Uncertainties in 234Th-derived POC Export Fluxes.- 5.4.3 Regional Variability in Arctic POC Export Fluxes.- 5.4.4 Conclusions.- 5.5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Seafloor of the Arctic Ocean: Quantity, Seasonality and Processes.- 5.5.1 Seasonal and Annual Estimates of Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.2 Ice, Light, Stratification, and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.3 River Run-off, Resuspension, and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.4 High Retention of Vertical Carbon Export in the Twilight Zone of the Arctic Ocean.- 5.5.5 Global Warming and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 6 The Benthos of Arctic Seas and its Role for the Organic Carbon Cycle at the Seafloor.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Origin and Evolution of Arctic Habitats and Species.- 6.3 Food Supply of the Arctic Benthos: Sources and Pathways.- 6.4 Benthic Communities of the Arctic Seas.- 6.4.1 Arctic Shelves and Margins.- 6.4.2 Central Arctic.- 6.5 Organic Carbon Utilization by the Arctic Benthos.- 6.5.1 Arctic Continental Shelves.- 6.5.2 Central Arctic Ocean.- 6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: Sources, Variability, Burial, and Paleoenvironmental Significance.- 7.1 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: A General Introduction.- 7.1.1 Pre-Quaternary (Jurassic-Cretaceous) Organic Carbon Records.- 7.1.2 Modern and Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records.- 7.2 The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Data Base.- 7.2.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.2.4 The Effect of Sea-level Rise During the Holocene.- 7.2.5 Burial Rates of Organic Carbon and Budget.- 7.2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.3 The Continental Margin of the North Bering-Chukchi Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.3.1 Introduction.- 7.3.2 Data Base, Material and Methods.- 7.3.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.3.4 Fluxes, Accumulation, Burial Rates, and Remineralization of OC, and Benthic Oxygen Uptake Rates.- 7.3.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.4 The East Siberian Sea: Distribution, Sources, and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.4.1 Introduction.- 7.4.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.4.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.4.4 Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.4.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.5 The Laptev Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.5.1 Introduction.- 7.5.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.5.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.5.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.5.5 Accumulation Rates and Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.6 The Kara Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.6.1 Introduction.- 7.6.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.6.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.6.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.6.5 Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.7 The Barents Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.7.1 Introduction.- 7.7.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.7.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.7.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.7.5 Burial Rates and Organic Carbon Budget.- 7.7.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.8 Northern Fram Strait und Yermak Plateau: Distribution,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon and Paleoenvironmental Implications.- 7.8.1 Introduction.- 7.8.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.8.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.8.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.8.5 Accumulation Rates and Organic Carbon Budget.- 7.8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.9 The Central Arctic Ocean: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.9.1 Introduction.- 7.9.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.9.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.9.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.9.5 Accumulation Rates and Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.9.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 8 Organic Carbon Budget: Arctic Ocean vs. Global Ocean.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Global Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks.- 8.3 Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks.- 8.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 9 References.