Introduction
From Self-Strengthening to New Culture
Identity, Chinese Modernity and Translation
The Role of Translation and Translators in Translation Studies
Approaches to Researching Chinese Translation History and Thesis Overview
Chapter 1
Modernization Through Translation: Shifts and Trends (1890s – 1900s)
1.1 Statistical Analysis of Translated Works
1.2 Modern Development of the Print Culture and the Rise of Translation
1.2.1 The Patronage of Publishers and Literary Journals
1.2.2 Liang Qichao – a Leading Patron of Translation
1.3 Translation from Japanese
1.4 Translation of Textbooks as a Response to the Promotion of Modern Education
1.5 Acquiring Modern Values Through Science Translation
1.5.1 From Gezhi to Kexue – “Science” and Modern Chinese Identity
1.5.2 Promotion of Scientific Understanding as a Marker of Modern Fitness
1.6 Translation of Fiction
1.6.1 Translation of Political Fiction
1.6.2 Translation of Science Fiction
1.6.3 Translation of Detective Stories
Conclusion
Chapter 2
Translation as an Education in Modern Values: Yan Fu and Liang Qichao
2.1 Yan Fu on Western Social Thought
2.1.1 Yan Fu’s Selection of Works for Translation
2.1.2 Yan Fu’s Translation and Writing Style
2.1.3 Yan Fu’s Translation Strategy as Dictated by His Ideology of Modernity
2.2 Liang Qichao on Modern Citizenship Through Translation
2.2.1 Liang Qichao’s Promotion of Modern Attributes
2.2.2 Liang Qichao’s Fiction Translation
Conclusion
Chapter 3
Making a “New Culture” Through Translation
3.1 Acquisition of Western Knowledge
3.1.1 The Impact of Late Qing Translations on the New Generation of Chinese Intellectuals
3.1.2 Overseas Study
3.2 Translation as a Precursor to New Culture
Conclusion
Chapter 4
Translating New Culture into a Collective Identity
4.1 New Culture Collectives
4.1.1 The New Youth Group
4.1.2 The Association for Literary Studies and Short Story Monthly
4.2 The Growing Authority of Translated Works
4.3 Otherness and Identity Politics - New Youth Debates with Lin Shu
Conclusion
Chapter 5
Constructing the Modern Self in Translation (I) – Hu Shi
5.1 Hu Shi’s Rewriting of Ibsen and Promotion of Liberal-Individualist Ideals
5.2 Nora as a Literary Trope for Self-Empowerment
5.3 Hu Shi’s Short Story and Poetry Translation and His Development of Cosmopolitan Humanism
5.4 The Influence of Foreign Thinkers and Hu Shi’s Academic Approach to China’s Modern Transformation
5.5 Promotion of Modern Vernacular
Conclusion
Chapter 6
Constructing the Modern Self in Translation (II) – Zhou Zuoren
6.1 Discovering Humanity in “Dishrags” and “Sad Beauty”
6.2 Faith in Humanity
6.3 Zhou Zuoren and the May Fourth Cult of Children
6.4 Promoting Gender Equality and Modern Womanhood
6.5 The Naturalness of Humanity and the “Invisible Utility”
Conclusion
Chapter 7
Constructing the Modern Self in Translation (III) – Lu Xun
7.1 The Nietzschean Spirit
7.2 An Instructive Realism
7.3 The Social Exteriorization of Mental Anguish
7.4 Investing Hope in the Young
Conclusion
Conclusion
References
Appendix