Pakistan at Seventy A handbook on developments in economics, politics and society Europa Perspectives: Emerging Economies Series

This handbook examines Pakistan?s 70-year history from a number of different perspectives.
When Pakistan was born, it did not have a capital, a functioning government or a central
bank. The country lacked a skilled workforce. While the state was in the process of being
established, eight million Muslim refugees arrived from India, who had to be absorbed into a
population of 24 million people. However, within 15 years, Pakistan was the fastest growing
and transforming economy in the developing world, although the political evolution of the
country during this period was not equally successful. Pakistan has vast agricultural and
human resources, and its location promises trade, investment and other opportunities. Chapters in the volume, written by experts in the field, examine government and politics, economics,
foreign policy and environmental issues, as well as social aspects of Pakistan?s development,
including the media, technology, gender and education.

Shahid Javed Burki is an economist who has been a member of the faculty at Harvard University, USA, and Chief Economist, Planning and Development Department, Government of
the Punjab. He has also served as Minister of Finance in the Government of Pakistan, and has
written a number of books, and journal and newspaper articles. He joined the World Bank in
1974 as a senior economist and went on to serve in several senior positions. He was the (first)
Director of the China Department (1987?94) and served as the Regional Vice-President for
Latin America and the Caribbean during 1994?99. He is currently the Chair of the Board of
Directors of the Shahid Javed Burki Institute of Public Policy at NetSol (BIPP) in Lahore.

Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury is a career Bangladeshi diplomat and former Minister of Foreign
Affairs in the Government of Bangladesh (2007?08). He has a PhD in international relations
from the Australian National University, Canberra. He began his career as a member of the
civil service of Pakistan in 1969. Dr Chowdhury has held senior diplomatic positions in the
course of his career, including as Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United
Nations in New York (2001?07) and in Geneva (1996?2001), and was ambassador to Qatar,
Chile, Peru and the Vatican. He is currently a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of
South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore.

Asad Ejaz Butt is the Director of the Burki Institute of Public Policy, Lahore, Pakistan.

1 An overview Shahid Javed Burki

PART I Politics, theory and practice

2 The Pakistan story Shahid Javed Burki

3 Unintended consequences: The long shadow of Partition on Pakistan and India Subrata K. Mitra

4 Evolution of politics Shirin Tahir-Kheli

5 Islam, society and politics in Pakistan Riaz Hassan

6 Sustained political progress: The supportive role of the military Jehangir Karamat

7 The media in Pakistan: Idiom, ideology and the army Khaled Ahmed

PART II Pakistan’s dependence on the outside world

8 Pakistan, power-play and a new South Asian paradigm Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury

9 The making of foreign policy: Changing parameters Aziz Ahmad Khan

10 Living in a rapidly changing world Shahid Javed Burki

11 Defenders of the crescent: Pakistan-Saudi Arabia relations Farah Jan

12 Adversarial peace: India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry Farah Jan

13 A potential game changer: The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Daud Ahmad

PART III Economic development and the importance of good governance

14 Macroeconomic achievements and challenges Masood Ahmed

15 History of the development discourse in Pakistan Asad Ejaz Butt

16 Recent economic developments and prospects Farrukh Iqbal

17 Economic governance Ishrat Husain

18 Praetorian bureaucratization of the political system and politicization of bureaucracy Shahid Najam Contents

PART IV Social underdevelopment

19 Getting technology to work for social development Ayub Ghauri

20 Akhuwat: New microcredit stories Muhammad Saleem Ahmad Ranjha

21 Private sector in education Shahid Kardar

22 Educating and employing women Nasreen Kasuri

PART V Energy and the environment

23 The downward spiral of the quality of life in Pakistan: Is control possible, or even desired? Kulsum Ahmed

24 Water problems and solutions Mahmood Ahmad

25 Ways of solving the energy problem Ziad Alahdad

PART VI Conclusion

26 The last word Shahid Javed Burki

27 Postscript Shahid Javed Burki and Asad Ejaz Butt

Shahid Javed Burki is an economist who has been a member of the faculty at Harvard University, USA, and Chief Economist, Planning and Development Department, Government of
the Punjab. He has also served as Minister of Finance in the Government of Pakistan, and has
written a number of books, and journal and newspaper articles. He joined the World Bank in
1974 as a senior economist and went on to serve in several senior positions. He was the (first)
Director of the China Department (1987–94) and served as the Regional Vice-President for
Latin America and the Caribbean during 1994–99. He is currently the Chair of the Board of
Directors of the Shahid Javed Burki Institute of Public Policy at NetSol (BIPP) in Lahore.

Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury is a career Bangladeshi diplomat and former Minister of Foreign
Affairs in the Government of Bangladesh (2007–08). He has a PhD in international relations
from the Australian National University, Canberra. He began his career as a member of the
civil service of Pakistan in 1969. Dr Chowdhury has held senior diplomatic positions in the
course of his career, including as Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United
Nations in New York (2001–07) and in Geneva (1996–2001), and was ambassador to Qatar,
Chile, Peru and the Vatican. He is currently a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of
South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore.

Asad Ejaz Butt is an economist trained in Canada. He’s currently the Director off the Burki Institute of Public Policy in Lahore. Before joining BIPP, Mr. Ejaz was member of the Economics faculty at the University of Central Punjab. He’s also taken a number of consultancy assignments, most notably working with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on its SDGs agenda for the province of Punjab and with ICF International, Canada on its energy efficiency an