Biomaterials Science and Biocompatibility, 1999

Biomedical Engineering Program between Rutgers University and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey entitled "Biopolymers" and "Patho­ biology" during the past 15 years. It is our hope that this book will provide the reader with all the infor­ mation necessary to understand the complexity of the biological reactions that are set into motion by implantation of a material or a device. We hope that this book will provide a framework for thinking about implant interactions with bio­ logical systems. Although the field of studying pathobiological responses to im­ plants is still in its infancy, we are now more aware of acute and chronic con­ ditions that generate inflammatory responses as a result of wear debris, activation of complement, and acute hypersensitivity. As we learn more concerning these responses, it is hoped that our ability to design implants will also improve. We encourage readers to send to us any suggestions of additional topics that they would like to see covered in our book. Frederick H. Silver David L.

1 Introduction to Biomaterials Science and Biocompatibility.- Scope of Text.- Structures of Soft and Hard Tissues.- Properties of Tissues.- Structure of Synthetic Materials.- Properties of Synthetic Materials.- Structures and Properties of Cells.- Cellular and Tissue Responses to Materials.- Summary.- 2 Introduction to Structure and Properties of Biological Tissues.- to Principles of Stereochemistry.- Basic Building Blocks.- Stereochemistry of Polymer Chains.- Primary and Secondary Structures of Biological Macromolecules.- Higher-Order Structures.- Structure of Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules.- Cell Membrane Polymers.- Other Polymeric Materials.- Summary.- 3 Introduction to Structure and Properties of Polymers, Metals, and Ceramics.- to Synthetic Materials.- Polymer Structures.- Polymer Mechanical Properties.- Structure of Metals.- Structure of Ceramics.- Structure of Composites.- Materials Degradation.- Summary.- 4 Microscopic and Macroscopic Structure of Tissue.- to Methods for Cellular and Tissue Analysis.- Surface and Internal Linings.- Conduit and Holding Structures.- Parenchymal or Organ-Supporting Structures.- Skeletal Structures.- Summary.- 5 Determination of Physical Structure and Modeling.- Viscosity.- Light Scattering.- Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering.- Ultracentrifugation.- Electron Microscopy.- Determination of Physical Parameters for Biological Macromolecules.- Summary.- 6 Assembly of Biological Macromolecules.- Methods for Studying Self-Assembly Processes.- Collagen Self-Assembly.- Assembly of Cytoskeletal Components.- Actin-Myosin Interaction.- Fibrinogen.- Summary.- 7 Mechanical Properties of Tissues.- to Analysis of Tissue Mechanical Properties.- Mechanical Properties of Collagenous Tissues.- Mechanical Properties of Hard Tissue.- Cellular Biomechanics.- Summary.- 8 Pathobiology and Response to Tissue Injury.- Cellular Components.- Cell Attachment, Proliferation, and Differentiation.- Cellular Adaptation.- Cell Injury.- Summary.- 9 Wound Healing.- Biological Cascades Involved in Healing.- Cells Involved in Wound Healing.- Inflammatory and Immunological Aspects of Wound Healing.- Cell Adhesion Molecules Involved in Wound Healing.- Growth Factors Involved in Wound Healing.- General Wound-Healing Process: Inflammatory Phase.- Capsule Formation Around Implants.- Cartilage Wound Healing.- Tendon and Ligament Healing.- Peripheral Nerve Repair.- Hard Tissue Repair.- Cardiovascular Wound Healing.- Summary.- 10 Pathobiological Responses to Implants.- Pathobiological Complications with Silicone Implants.- Inflammation Induced by Wear Particles.- Complement Activation by Biomaterial Surfaces.- Restenosis After Vascular Stenting.- Thrombosis and Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts.- Ectopic Mineralization of Implants.- Summary.- 11 Tissue Engineering.- to Tissue Engineering.- Immunology of Cell and Tissue Transplantation.- Role of Matrixes and Scaffolds in Cell Transplantation.- Tissue Engineering of External Lining Structures.- Skeletal Tissue Engineering.- Tissue Engineering of Specialized Organs.- Summary.- 12 Future Considerations.- New Directions in Tissue Engineering.- Design of New Polymeric Materials.- Design of Interfaces.- Vascular Device Design.- Summary.