Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Adverse Reactions to Veterinary Medicinal Products

Adverse drug reactions may become apparent in treated animal patients, in exposed users or as adverse effects on the environment. They may also manifest as excess drug residues in food of animal origin. As a consequence, legislation and regulatory approaches have developed to address these issues and to ensure monitoring of continued product safety and, where necessary, the use of regulatory actions. All of these aspects are covered by the term ?pharmacovigilance?.

Veterinary pharmacovigilance is a rapidly growing discipline in both regulatory and scientific terms, and its importance can only increase as regulatory agencies across the globe seek to improve their hazard and risk assessment of marketed veterinary medicines by applying the techniques of post-marketing surveillance. Its roots include veterinary medicine, medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, pathology and, increasingly, ecotoxicity and environmental safety.

This book will be fundamentally important reading for all involved in the field of veterinary pharmacovigilance including veterinarians, physicians, environmental scientists, regulators and those involved in drug development and market maintenance.

List of contributors ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Introduction 1
D. Skilton

1 Elements of veterinary pharmacovigilance 9
K.N. Woodward

2 Veterinary pharmacovigilance in the European Union 19
K.N. Woodward

3 Pharmacovigilance and the European Medicines Agency: conduct of pharmacovigilance activities 47
K. Grein

4 Veterinary pharmacovigilance in France 55
G. Keck and X. Pineau

5 Pharmacovigilance in Germany 65
C. Ibrahim and A. Wilke

6 Veterinary pharmacovigilance – the UK experience 91
K.N. Woodward

14 Preclinical safety testing and assessment of veterinary pharmaceuticals and pharmacovigilance 297
K.N. Woodward

15 Safety assessment of veterinary vaccines 347
M.J. Francis

16 Microbiological assessment of veterinary medicinal products and potential adverse effects 355
P. Silley

17 Adverse effects of veterinary pharmaceutical products in animals 393
K.N. Woodward

18 Adverse drug reactions in dogs – toxic hepatic responses 423
K.N. Woodward

19 Adverse reactions to vaccines 453
K.N. Woodward and L.A. Toon

20 Adverse reactions in humans following exposure to veterinary drugs 475
K.N. Woodward

21 Medicines used to control and treat external parasites of sheep – toxicology and the phenomenon of reported adverse human responses to organophosphorus sheep dips 517
T.C. Marrs and P. Edwards

22 User safety assessment of veterinary medicinal products 529
K.N. Woodward

23 Maximum residue limits 547
K.N. Woodward

24 Determination of withdrawal periods for pharmaceutical products used in food animals 569
R.C. Parker

25 Surveillance for veterinary residues 587
K.N. Woodward

26 Adverse environmental effects and veterinary medicinal products 605
A. Tait

27 Causality in pharmacovigilance and expectedness of adverse reactions 639
K.N. Woodward

28 Quantitative aspects of veterinary pharmacovigilance 659
K.N. Woodward

29 Veterinary adverse reactions and crisis management 673
K.N. Woodward

30 The role of veterinary pharmacovigilance in risk analysis and the influence of risk perception on veterinary pharmacovigilance 691
H.P.A. Illing

31 The role of quality assurance in veterinary pharmacovigilance 709
R. Visanji and H. Politis-Norton

32 Concordance between results from animal toxicology studies and adverse reactions in animals 715
K.N. Woodward

Index 751