The Hippocampus, 1975 Volume 2: Neurophysiology and Behavior

These books are the result of a conviction held by the editors, authors, and publisher that the time is appropriate for assembling in one place information about functions of the hippocampus derived from many varied lines of research. Because of the explosion of research into the anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and behavioral aspects of the hip­ pocampus, some means of synthesis of the results from these lines of research was called for. We first thought of a conference. In fact, officials in the National Institute of Mental Health suggested we organize such a conference on the hippocampus, but after a few tentative steps in this direction, interest at the federal level waned, probably due to the decreases in federal support for research in the basic health sciences so keenly felt in recent years. However, the editors also had come to the view that conferences are mainly valuable to the participants. The broad range of students (of all ages) of brain­ behavior relations do not profit from conference proceedings unless the proceedings are subsequently published. Furthermore, conferences dealing with the functional character of organ systems approached from many points of view are most successful after participants have become acquainted with each other's work. Therefore, we believe that a book is the best format for disseminating information, and that its publication can be the stimulus for many future conferences.

III. Electrical Activity.- 1. Functional Organization of the Limbic System in the Process of Registration of Information: Facts and Hypotheses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Basic Results and Hypotheses.- 3.1. Hippocampus Regio Inferior (Field CA3), Dorsal Part.- 3.2. Hippocampus Regio Inferior (Field CA3), Ventral Part.- 3.3. Hippocampus Regio Superior (Field CA1).- 3.4. Mammillary Bodies.- 3.5. Anteroventral Thalamic Nucleus.- 3.6. Limbic (Çingulate) Cortex.- 3.7. Entorhinal Cortex.- 3.8. Dentate Fascia.- 3.9. Medial and Lateral Septal Nuclei.- 3.10. Reticular Formation.- 3.11. Descending Influences of the Hippocampus on RF.- 3.12. Descending Influences of the Hippocampus on Septum (Stimulation).- 3.13. Descending Influence of the Hippocampus on Septum (Disconnection).- 3.14. Interaction Among Inputs to the Field CA3.- 3.15. Effects of Disconnection of Reticuloseptal Input.- 3.16. DF Influences on CA3.- 3.17. Influence of CA3 on CA1.- 3.18. General Assumptions About the Mode of Action of the Limbic System in the Process of Registration of Information.- 4. References.- 2. The Electrical Activity of the Hippocampus and Processes of Attention.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavior Correlates of ?.- 2.1. An Attempt to Resolve the Adey-Grastyán Controversy.- 2.2. Hippocampal ? and Response Inhibition.- 2.3. Hippocampal ? and the Attention Component of Discrimination Learning.- 2.4. Hippocampal ? and Voluntary Movement.- 2.5. Species Differences in the Behavior Correlates of Hippocampal ?.- 3. Is ? Necessary?.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 3. Hippocampal Rhythmic Slow Activity and Neocortical Low-Voltage Fast Activity: Relations to Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hippocampal Slow-Wave Activity and Behavior in Rats.- 3. Two Types of Rhythmic Slow Activity in Hippocampus.- 4. Two Neocortical Activating Systems.- 5. Selective Effects of Anesthetics.- 6. Problems of Interpretation of Behavior-Related Brain Activity.- 7. Implications.- 8. References.- 4. Hippocampal Electrical Activity and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Relationship Between Hippocampal EEG and Behavior.- 2.1. Experiments Which Vary Movement.- 2.2. Experiments Which Vary EEG.- 2.3. Experiments Which Attempt to Dissociate Hippocampal RSA and Responding.- 2.4. Experiments Which Vary Other Behavioral Processes.- 2.5. Discussion of the Data.- 3. Implications for Theories of Hippocampal Function.- 4. References.- 5. The ? Mode of Hippocampal Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Correlates of ? Activity.- 3. Neurophysiological Basis of the ? Rhythm.- 4. Patterns of ? Rhythm in the Freely Moving Rat.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.2. Results.- 4.3. Discussion.- 5. References.- 6. Some Characteristics and Functional Relations of the Electrical Activity of the Primate Hippocampus and Hypotheses of Hippocampal Function.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Anatomy.- 1.2. Connections.- 1.3. Electrical Activity.- 2. The Behavioral Effects of Hippocampal Lesions.- 3. The Electrical Activity of the Monkey Hippocampus.- 4. Some Characteristics of the Electrical Activity of the Monkey Hippocampus.- 4.1. Functional Significance.- 4.2. A Hypothesis of Hippocampal Function.- 5. References.- 7. Behavioral Correlates and Firing Repertoires of Neurons in the Dorsal Hippocampal Formation and Septum of Unrestrained Rats.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. ? Cells and Complex Spike Cells.- 3.2. Behavioral Correlates of ? Cells.- 3.3. Behavioral Correlates of Complex Spike Cells.- 3.4. Distribution of the Behavioral Types.- 3.5. Preliminary Results on Related Structures.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Generalizations About the Behavioral Correlates.- 4.2. Some Suggested Synaptic Interactions.- 4.3. Global Function of the Hippocampal Formation.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. Addendum: The Use of TV Tapes.- 7. References.- IV. Behavior.- 8. Brainstem-Hypothalamic Systems Influencing Hippocampal Activity and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stimulation of Hypothalamic Sites Having Differential Effects on Hippocampal Electrical Activity.- 3. Stimulation of Brain Stem Sites Having Differential Effects on Hippocampal Electrical Activity.- 4. Behavioral Correlates of Spontaneous and Induced Hippocampal Electrical Activity During Free Behavior and During Operantly Trained Behavior.- 4.1. Studies of Hippocampal Electrical Activity and Free Behavior.- 4.2. Studies of Hippocampal Activity and Operantly Trained Behavior.- 4.3. Effect of Hypothalamic Stimulation on Visually Evoked Potentials.- 5. Septal Mechanisms Mediating Hippocampal ? Rhythm and Desynchronization.- 6. Discussion.- 7. References.- 9. Fractionation of Hippocampal Function in Learning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stimulation Studies.- 2.1. Experiment 1.- 2.2. Experiment 2.- 2.3. Summary.- 2.4. Significance.- 2.5. Experiment 3.- 3. Attention.- 4. Consolidation.- 5. Error Evaluation.- 6. Retrieval.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 10. Choice Behavior in Rats with Hippocampal Lesions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Description of the Lesion.- 3. General Effects of the Hippocampal Lesion.- 4. Situations in Which There Is No Explicit Reinforcement Provided.- 4.1. Spontaneous Alternation.- 4.2. More General “Free” Exploration.- 5. 100% Reinforcement Situations.- 6. Situations in Which the Reinforcement Contingencies Fluctuate.- 7. Situations in Which Reinforcement Is Discontinued: Extinction.- 7.1. Similarity to Findings with Korsakoff Patients.- 7.2. Physiological Mechanisms.- 8. References.- 11. The Development of Hippocampal Function: Implications for Theory and for Therapy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Spontaneous Alternation.- 3. Spontaneous Alternation and the Brain.- 4. Alternation and the Cholinergic System.- 5. The Development of Alternation in the Rat.- 6. Alternation Development in the Guinea Pig.- 7. The Development of Inhibition in Man.- 8. Retarded Development.- 9. Stress and Retarded Development.- 10. ECS and Inhibition.- 11. Early Handling and Enriched Environments.- 12. The Cure.- 13. References.- 12. Amnestic Confusional Phenomena, Hippocampal Stimulation, and Laterality Factors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Materials and Methods.- 4. Findings.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 7. References.- 13. Some Analyses of Amnesic Syndromes in Brain-Damaged Patients.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Role of the Hippocampus in Human Memory.- 2.1. Amnesia Following Bilateral Mesial Temporal Ablations.- 2.2. Material-Specific Memory Deficits After Unilateral Temporal Lobectomies.- 3. The Amnesic Syndrome of Alcoholic Korsakoff Patients.- 3.1. Analysis of Long-Term Memory.- 3.2. Analysis of Short-Term Memory.- 3.3. The Role of Interference.- 3.4. The Role of Encoding.- 3.5. The Effect of Semantic Encoding on Proactive Interference.- 3.6. Verbal vs. Nonverbal Processing.- 4. Some Comparisons of the Memory Disorders of Patients with Different Types of Brain Damage.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. References.- 14. The Problem of the Amnesic Syndrome in Man and Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reexamination of the Human Amnesic Syndrome.- 3. Points of Contact with Animal Research.- 4. Theoretical Considerations.- 4.1. The Encoding Hypothesis.- 4.2. The Familiarity Discrimination Hypothesis.- 4.3. The Associative Learning Hypothesis.- 4.4. Interference Hypothesis.- 5. References.- Summary.