Limbic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Research, 1974

The present volume has been written primarily for the advanced student and the mature investigator. The book will be of value to the student because it includes representative research problems on a variety of topics, and significant for the mature investigator, because it can help bring him up to date on specific topics in limbic and autonomic nervous system research, an area which has undergone spectacular growth, particularly during the last ten years. The twelve chapters deal with subject matter that falls loosely into four major subtopics-basic sensory and regulatory mechanisms, emotional processes, cardiovascular processes and learning, and low arousal states-but each chapter represents recent research in one particular area, and stands as a self-contained unit. I am indebted to the many authors and publishers for their aid in granting permission to reproduce quotations, tables, and figures from their works. Specific acknowledgments are made in the text. Leo V. DiCara Ann Arbor Contents Basic Sensory and Regulatory Mechanisms Chapter 1 The Olfactory System and Behavior Bernice M. Wenzel I. Introduction ........................................ 1 2. Background ........................................ 2 2.1. Rhinencephalon ................................ 2 2.2. The Direct Olfactory System and Its Connections .... 3 2.3. Olfactory Lesions and Nonolfactory Behavior ....... 7 3. Effects of Lesions in the Direct Olfactory System ......... 8 3.1. Orienting and Habituation ....................... 9 3.2. Activity ....................................... 12 3.3. Avoidance Learning. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . 3.4. Appetitive Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . .

Basic Sensory and Regulatory Mechanisms.- 1 The Olfactory System and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 2.1. Rhinencephalon.- 2.2. The Direct Olfactory System and Its Connections.- 2.3. Olfactory Lesions and Nonolfactory Behavior.- 3. Effects of Lesions in the Direct Olfactory System.- 3.1. Orienting and Habituation.- 3.2. Activity.- 3.3. Avoidance Learning.- 3.4. Appetitive Learning.- 3.5. Aggression.- 3.6. Effects on Physiological Functions.- 4. Interpretation.- 4.1. Anosmia.- 4.2. Limbic Functions.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 2 Neural Control of Thermoregulatory Responses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hypothalamus.- 2.1. Its Importance in Temperature Regulation.- 2.2. Hypothalamic Separation between Heat Loss and Heat Production.- 3. Levels of Nervous Control of Reflexive Thermoregulation.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Spinal Cord.- 3.3. Medulla and Pons.- 3.4. Midbrain.- 3.5. Telencephalon.- 4. Behavioral Thermoregulation.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Spinal Cord.- 4.3. Medulla and Pons.- 4.4. Midbrain.- 4.5. Hypothalamus.- 4.6. Telencephalon.- 5. Integration of Complex Thermoregulatory Response Patterns.- 5.1. Evidence Against Integration.- 5.2. Evidence for Integration.- 6. References.- Emotional Processes.- 3 Neural and Hormonal Determinants of Mating Behavior in Adult Male Rats. A Review.- 1. Brief Description of Male Rat Mating Behavior.- 2. Hormonal Basis of Mating Responses in Male Rats.- 2.1. Systemically Circulating Hormones.- 2.2. Hormones Implanted in Brain.- 2.3. Testosterone in the Male Rat Brain: Concentration by Neurons and Electrophysiological Effects.- 2.4. Philosophy of Studying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Behavior.- 3. Neural Basis of Mating Responses in Male Rats.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Sensory Systems.- 3.3. The Spinal Level.- 3.4. Midbrain and Hypothalamic Control.- 3.5. Limbic System.- 3.6. Neocortex.- 3.7. Discussion.- 4. References.- 4 A Model of Agonistic Behavior: Endocrine and Autonomic Correlates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Model of Injurious Aggression.- 3. A Model of Noninjurious Aggression.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 5 Immunological and Chemical Sympathectomy in the Neonatal Rodent: Effects on Emotional Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Immunosympathectomy and 6-OH Sympathectomy.- 3. Neonatal Guanethidine Injections: Sympathectomizing?.- 4. Some Effects of Immuno- and 6-OH Sympathectomy on Autonomic Reactivity.- 5. Some Additional Physiological Effects of Immuno- and 6-OH Sympathectomy.- 5.1. Adrenal Function.- 6. Central Neurochemical Effects of Neonatal Sympathectomy.- 7. Behavioral Effects of Neonatal Sympathectomy.- 7.1. Locomotor Activity.- 7.2. Positive Reward Procedures.- 7.3. Open-Field Performance.- 7.4. Escape-Avoidance Learning.- 7.5. CER Procedures.- 8. Some Concluding Remarks.- 9. References.- Cardiovascular Processes and Learning.- 6 The Role of Early Experience in the Development of Autonomic Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Long-Term Effects of Early Experience on Autonomic Neural Function.- 2.1. Cardiovascular.- 2.2. Gastrointestinal.- 2.3. Summary and Perspective.- 3. Processes Involved in Early Experience Effects.- 3.1. A Simple Model System.- 3.2. The Normal Development of Autonomic Cardiac Regulation in Laboratory Conditions from Fetus to Adult.- 3.3. Autonomic Cardiac Responses to Experience at Different Ages in Early Development.- 3.4. The Role of Mother-Infant Interaction in Early Development of Autonomic Cardiac Regulation.- 3.5. Relevance of Developmental Data for Understanding of Long-Range Effects of Early Experience.- 4. Conclusions and Unknowns.- 5. References.- 7 The Neural Pathways and Informational Flow Mediating a Conditioned Autonomic Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Summary of the Behavioral Model.- 2.1. Basic Paradigm.- 2.2. Response Dynamics and Their Development.- 2.3. The “Primary” Conditioned Heart Rate Response.- 2.4. Variables Affecting the Conditioned Response.- 2.5. Effective Components of the Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli.- 3. Strategy for Identifying the Relevant Central Pathways.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. General Experimental Approach.- 4. Pathways Transmitting the Conditioned Stimulus Information.- 4.1. Definition of the Conditioned Stimulus.- 4.2. Retinal Output.- 4.3. Relevant Central Visual Structures.- 4.4. Conclusions.- 5. Pathways Transmitting the Unconditioned Stimulus Information.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Definition of the Unconditioned Stimulus.- 5.3. Peripheral Components of the Pathway.- 5.4. Central Pathways.- 5.5. Conclusions.- 6. Descending Pathways Mediating the Conditioned Response.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Final Common Path.- 6.3. Central Pathways.- 6.4. Conclusions.- 7. General Concluding Comments.- 8. References.- 8 CNS Integration of Learned Cardiovascular Behavior.- I. Introduction.- 2. Preliminary Considerations.- 3. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Neural Adjustments.- 4. Supramedullary Mechanisms of Integration.- 4.1. The Regional Distribution of Blood Flow.- 4.2. Modulation of the Baroreceptor Reflex.- 5. Conditioning of Cardiovascular Responses.- 5.1. The CNS Integration of Learned Cardiovascular Responses.- 6. The Analysis of Single Unit Activity.- 7. Relations Between Learned and Unlearned Cardiovascular Responses.- 8. Concluding Statement.- 9. References.- 9 A Psychobiological Perspective on the Cardiovascular System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cardiac-Somatic Coupling.- 2.1. Overview of Data.- 2.2. Biological and Behavioral Significance.- 3. Cardiac-Somatic Uncoupling.- 3.1. An Evaluation of Sympathetic Effects.- 3.2. Possible Significance of Sympathetic Effects.- 4. Hypertensive Effects—Chronic Dog Preparation.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 10 Factors Influencing the Specificity of Voluntary Cardiovascular Control.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Operant and Voluntary Control.- 3. Nonspecific Voluntary Control of Cardiovascular Activities.- 4. Criteria Employed in Assessing Specificity of Control.- 5. Feedback and the Discriminability of Responses.- 6. Development of Specific Motor Control.- 7. The Development of Response-Specific Cardiovascular Control.- 8. Conclusions.- 9. References.- Low Arousal States.- 11 Cultivated Low Arousal—An Antistress Response?.- 1. Two Clinical Examples of Modifying the Response to Stress.- 1.1. Systematic Desensitization.- 1.2. Tension Headache.- 2. Experiments on Feedback-Induced Muscle Relaxation.- 2.1. Frontalis Feedback.- 2.2. Masseter Feedback.- 2.3. Frontalis vs. Forearm Feedback.- 2.4. Effects on Other Bodily Systems.- 2.5. The Shaping of Low Arousal.- 2.6. Summary of Validation Studies.- 3. Theoretical Background.- 3.1. Some Difficulties with the Working Hypothesis.- 3.2. Potential Application to Essential Hypertension.- 4. References.- 12 Sleep.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Measurement of Sleep.- 3. Perspectives: Past and Present.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.