Clinical Refraction Guide (2^nd Ed.)

Retinoscopy is an eye exam that determines the refractive error of the eye (long sighted, short sighted, astigmatism). A refraction test indicates the strength of the prescription needed for glasses or contact lenses.

The new edition of this book provides a concise overview of clinical refraction. Presented in an easy to read format, it is divided into two main sections.

The first part explains basic clinical procedures for routine refraction, beginning with an introduction to instruments and the procedure, followed by aspects of the test for different disorders including myopia (short sightedness), astigmatism, keratoconus and refraction in children.

Section two provides in depth discussion on retinoscopy and correct use of the retinoscope.

The second edition has been fully revised and updated to explain the latest advances in the field, and is further enhanced by clinical images and figures.

Key points

• Practical guide to clinical refraction and retinoscopy
• Fully revised and updated second edition
• Explains basic procedures and instruments for refraction test and refraction in different ophthalmic disorders
• Previous edition (9789351520634) published in 2014

Section I: Clinical Refraction Procedure

• Introduction
• Know Your Trial Lens Set
• Snellen’s Visual Acuity Test
• Near Visual Acuity Test
• Flow of Refraction Procedure
• Initiating the Process
• Routine Procedure
• Refinements
• Prescription
• Controlling Accommodation
• Refraction in Hypermetropia
• Refraction in Myopia
• Refraction in Astigmatism
• Refraction in Presbyopia
• Refraction in Anisometropia
• Refraction in Aphakia
• Refraction in Children
• Refraction in Visually Impaired
• Refraction in Keratoconus Patient
• Refraction in Sports Athletes
• Tips for Clinical Care
• Lensometry
• Application of Stenopaic Slit for Refraction
• Maddox Rod Testv

Section II: Retinoscopy Guide

• Introduction
• Retinoscopy and Autorefractometer
• Parts of Retinoscope
• Optical Principle of Retinoscope
• Heine Beta 200 Retinoscope
• Choosing the Working Distance
• Patient and Practitioner Posture
• Projecting the Light Beam
• The Reflex
• Spherical and Astigmatic Reflex
• Movement of the Reflex
• Correcting Lens
• Neutralization
• Estimating Cylinder Axis
• Straddling the Axis
• Retinoscopy Results
• Step by Step Procedure
• Case Studies
• Tips for Difficult Retinoscopy
• Additional Applications of Retinoscopy

Bibliography
Index

Ajay Kumar Bhootra B Optom DOS FAO FOAI FCLI ICLEP FIACLE Diploma in Sportvision (UK)
CEO and Dean, Krishnalaya School of Optometry, Kolkata, West Bengal, India