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Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks

Langue : Anglais

Auteurs :

Couverture de l’ouvrage Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks
The complete guide to timing and synchronization in advanced service provider networks and enterprise applications


As networks have advanced, so has the need for precise timing and synchronization--including highly accurate phase synchronization. Without it, networks become increasingly vulnerable to outages, data loss events, and inefficiencies that can be notoriously difficult to diagnose. 5G telecom networks have especially stringent requirements, but they also apply to a growing number of enterprise applications in finance, factory automation, IoT, media, and beyond.


Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks is the definitive, comprehensive guide to all aspects of timing and synchronization. Drawing on extensive experience developing and implementing timing and synchronization systems, three leading experts cover standards, protocols, clock design, architecture, solution design, deployment tradeoffs, day-to-day operations, troubleshooting, and more.


This book will be valuable to professionals with diverse backgrounds, even those with no timing or synchronization experience. It will be especially useful to engineers and consultants designing or implementing mobile networks; test engineers validating equipment or production solutions; students seeking careers with service providers or in advanced private networks; and technology leaders seeking to understand the
growing role of time synchronization. 


  • Understand timing and synchronization concepts, goals, sources, and transport
  • Explore timing applications in telecommunications and beyond
  • Build synchronous networks with clocks, timing reference sources, time distribution, and timing signal consumption
  • Review the role of standards development organizations in defining standards for timing and synchronization
  • Drill down into the details of clocks, clock signals, and clock components 
  • Review traditional TDM-based techniques for frequency synchronization
  • Explore precision time protocol (PTP) characteristics, features, profiles, and security
  • Master best practices for designing and deploying timing in physical and packet-based networks
  • Thoroughly understand timing metrics and end-to-end time error budgeting 
  • Establish accurate timing and synchronization in advanced 5G and LTE networks, including 5G New Radio and RAN environments
  • Manage tradeoffs in synchronizing diverse cell sites, topologies, radio types, and mobile generations
  • Verify, operate, monitor, and troubleshoot timing systems

    Foreword xxi

    Introduction xxiii

Part I Fundamentals of Synchronization and Timing

Chapter 1 Introduction to Synchronization and Timing 1

    Overview of Time Synchronization 1

    What Is Synchronization and Why Is It Needed? 3

    What Is Time? 10

    How Can GPS Provide Timing and Synchronization? 13

    Accuracy Versus Precision Versus Stability 15

    Summary 16

    References in This Chapter 16

    Chapter 1 Acronyms Key 16

    Further Reading 17

Chapter 2 Usage of Synchronization and Timing 19

    Use of Synchronization in Telecommunications 20

    Use of Time Synchronization in Finance, Business, and Enterprise 28

    Industrial Uses of Time—Power Industry 33

    Summary 34

    References in This Chapter 34

    Chapter 2 Acronyms Key 35

Chapter 3 Synchronization and Timing Concepts 39

    Synchronous Networks Overview 40

    Clocks 54

    Sources of Frequency, Phase, and Time 66

    Timing Distribution Network 82

    Consumer of Time and Sync (the End Application) 88

    Summary 89

    References in This Chapter 89

    Chapter 3 Acronyms Key 92

    Further Reading 95

Part II SDOs, Clocks, and Timing Protocols

Chapter 4 Standards Development Organizations 97

    International Telecommunication Union 98

    International Mobile Telecommunications 104

    3rd Generation Partnership Project 106

    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 109

    European Telecommunications Standards Institute 116

    Internet Engineering Task Force 118

    Radio Access Network 120

    MEF Forum 126

    Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and Audio Engineering Society 127

    Summary 128

    References in This Chapter 129

    Chapter 4 Acronyms Key 132

    Further Reading 137

Chapter 5 Clocks, Time Error, and Noise 139

    Clocks 139

    Time Error 154

    Holdover Performance 169

    Transient Response 172

    Measuring Time Error 173

    References in This Chapter 175

    Chapter 5 Acronyms Key 175

    Further Reading 177

Chapter 6 Physical Frequency Synchronization 179

    Evolution of Frequency Synchronization 180

    BITS and SSU 181

    Clocking Hierarchy 185

    Synchronous Ethernet 187

    Enhanced Synchronous Ethernet 189

    Clock Traceability 189

    Synchronization Network Chain 197

    Clock Selection Process 199

    Timing Loops 201

    Standardization 207

    Summary 207

    References in This Chapter 208

    Chapter 6 Acronyms Key 209

    Further Reading 211

Chapter 7 Precision Time Protocol 213

    History and Overview of PTP 214

    PTP Versus NTP 215

    IEEE 1588-2008 (PTPv2) 216

    PTP Clocks 242

    Profiles 250

    PTP Security 273

    IEEE 1588-2019 (PTPv2.1) 275

    Summary 280

    References in This Chapter 280

    Chapter 7 Acronyms Key 283

Part III Standards, Recommendations, and Deployment Considerations

Chapter 8 ITU-T Timing Recommendations 289

    Overview of the ITU 290

    ITU-T Study Group 15 and Question 13 291

    Reading the Recommendations 299

    ITU-T Physical and TDM Timing Recommendations 299

    ITU-T Recommendations for Frequency in Packet Networks 310

    ITU-T Packet-Based Timing Recommendations 316

    Possible Future Changes in Recommendations 340

    Summary 341

    References in This Chapter 341

    Chapter 8 Acronyms Key 342

    Further Reading 346

Chapter 9 PTP Deployment Considerations 347

    Deployment and Usage 348

    Factors Impacting Timing Performance 380

    Parameters for Timing Performance 383

    Clock Performance 401

    Budgeting End-to-End Time Error 419

    Network Holdover 422

    Packet Network Topologies 424

    Packet Transport 426

    Non-Mobile Deployments 430

    Summary 434

    References in This Chapter 435

    Chapter 9 Acronyms Key 437

    Further Reading 442

Part IV Timing Requirements, Solutions, and Testing

Chapter 10 Mobile Timing Requirements 443

    Evolution of Cellular Networks 444

    Timing Requirements for Mobility Networks 448

    Timing Requirements for LTE and LTE-A 455

    Evolution of the 5G Architecture 478

    5G New Radio Synchronization Requirements 496

    Summary 509

    References in This Chapter 510

    Chapter 10 Acronyms Key 512

    Further Reading 517

Chapter 11 5G Timing Solutions 519

    Deployment Considerations for Mobile Timing 520

    Frequency-Only Deployments 535

    Frequency, Phase, and Time Deployment Options 538

    Midhaul and Fronthaul Timing 550

    Timing Security and MACsec 556

    Summary 564

    References in This Chapter 565

    Chapter 11 Acronyms Key 567

    Further Reading 571

Chapter 12 Operating and Verifying Timing Solutions 573

    Hardware and Software Solution Requirements 574

    Writing a Request for Proposal 587

    Testing Timing 590

    Automation and Assurance 629

    Troubleshooting and Field Testing 635

    Summary 648

    Conclusion 649

    References in This Chapter 649

    Chapter 12 Acronyms Key 653

    Further Reading 658



9780136836254, TOC, 5/3/2021


Dennis Hagarty is an experienced technical specialist in the fields of information technology and telecommunications. He has led presales, consulting, and engineering efforts for major utilities, corporations, and service providers in Australasia and Europe. Having worked in numerous technical areas, Dennis has concentrated on the mobile space for almost 30 years and has specialized in timing and synchronization for the last 12 years. In his current role, Dennis is the Cisco communications interface between engineering, field sales teams, and the global Cisco customer community for all matters related to 5G timing and synchronization. This mandate sees him talking with many large service providers, including most of the world's tier 1 mobile operators.


Shahid Ajmeri is a senior product manager at Cisco with responsibility for leading its 5G transport and mobile edge architecture strategy. He has more than 20 years of experience in the service provider industry, focusing on various technologies ranging from 3G/4G to 5G mobile networks, mobile edge computing, telco data center, service provider security, time synchronization, and end-to-end network design. Shahid has been instrumental in driving network transformation projects and architecting next-generation networks for customers across the globe. He currently works across disciplines, bringing together engineering, standards development organizations, and customers to develop and translate product requirements from industry and standard-setting bodies to the market.


Anshul Tanwar is a principal engineer at Cisco Systems, where he is known as a technologist with a combination of R&D expertise and business sensibility. During his tenure of more than 20 years at Cisco, Anshul has architected many routing and switching products used by large tier 1 mobile and Metro Ethernet service providers across the world
  • Covers implementation and characterization of several 5G synchronization standards and deployment methods
  • Presents case studies and design best practices straight from Cisco experts
  • Explains complex topics in everyday terms, with everyday analogies, empowering synchronization “neophytes” without more jargon and math than necessary

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