Next Generation SONET/SDH Voice and Data

The next generation SONET/SDH answers the demand for a communications network with improved data QoS, higher data rates, exceptional flexibility, efficiency and scalability, superb protection, and a data-friendly standard, by integrating the simplicity and cost-efficiency of the data network with bandwidth capacity and QoS of the synchronous optical network.

Designed for communication specialists who need to understand the implications and implementation requirements of the next generation optical network. Next Generation SONET/SDH: Voice and Data offers an accessible yet comprehensive introduction to this latest version of SONET/SDH. In this, his fourth book on optical networking, Dr. Kartalopoulos explains in simple terms the wealth of new protocols designed to optimize this new optical network, increase its efficiency, and decrease its cost.

Featuring only essential mathematics and supported by many helpful illustrations, the text:

• Explains and references the new SONET/SDH standards
• Details the many implications and improvements that the next generation of SONET-over-DWDM will bring
• Provides careful explanations of such optical systems as Data-over SONET, Packet-over-SONET, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAST), the Generalized Framing Procedure (GFP), Link Access Procedure for SDH (LAPS), Internet and Gigabit Ethernet over SONET, Virtual Concatenation, the Multi-Service Provisioning Platform (MSPP), and the Multi-Service Switching Platform (MSSP).

Preface xi

Introduction 1

1 Synchronous Hierarchical Networks 5

1.1 Introduction 5

1.2 Switching Hierarchy 8

1.3 Digital Subscriber Lines 9

1.3.1 2B1Q 11

1.3.2 DMT 11

1.3.3 CAP 12

References 13

2 Synchronous Optical Networks SONET/SDH 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 SONET Frames 18

2.3 Virtual Tributaries 23

2.4 STS-N Frames 27

2.4.1 Concatenation and Super Rates 27

2.4.2 Scrambling 28

2.4.3 Mapping by Layer 29

2.5 Maintenance 30

2.6 Summary 31

References 32

3 Asynchronous Data/Packet Networks 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Data Traffic Concepts 34

3.2.1 Natural Information Rate 34

3.2.2 Packet Networks 36

3.2.3 Timing Aspects 37

3.3 Review of Data Networks 38

3.3.1 Ethernet 38

3.3.2 FDDI 39

3.3.3 Switched Multi-megabit Data Services 41

3.3.4 Frame Relay 41

3.3.5 Internet Protocol 41

3.3.6 IP Telephony or Voice over IP 44

3.3.5 FAX over IP 45

3.4 Point-to-Point Protocol 46

3.5 8B/10B Block Coding Overview 48

3.5.1 Example, 3B/4B Block Coding 48

3.6 Fiber Channel 50

3.7 ESCON 54

3.8 FICON 55

3.9 Gigabit Ethernet 56

3.10 Resilient Packet Ring 60

3.11 Laps 61

3.12 Ethernet over LAPS over Legacy SONET/SDH 64

3.13 IP over LAPS over SONET/SDH 65

3.14 MPLS, MPλS and GMPLS 65

3.15 XDLC 71

3.16 ATM 71

3.16 ATM over SONET/SDH 78

References 79

4 The Generic Framing Procedure 83

4.1 Introduction 83

4.2 Frame Multiplexing 84

4.3 Client Payload Multiplexing 84

4.4 GFP Frame Structure 85

4.5 Error Control 86

4.5.1 Header Error Control 86

4.6 Delineation 87

4.7 Scrambling 89

4.7.1 Frame Structure Payload 89

4.8 Idle GFP Frames and Multiplexing 91

4.9 GFP Modes 91

4.9.1 The Frame-Mapped GFP (GFP-F) 91

4.9.2 GFP-F Encapsulation—Examples 92

4.9.3 The Transparent-Mapped GFP (GFP-T) 94

4.9.4 GFP-F Encapsulation—Examples 95

4.9.5 GFP-F and GFP-T Comparison 95

References 97

5 Next Generation SONET/SDH 99

5.1 Introduction 99

5.2 The Next Generation SONET/SDH 101

5.3 Contiguous Concatenation 103

5.4 Virtual Concatenation 104

5.5 LCAS 106

5.6 Concatenation Efficiency 107

5.7 Data over Next Generation SONET/SDH 109

References 112

6 Next Generation Optical Networks 115

6.1 Introduction 115

6.2 Next Generation Optical Rings 117

6.3 Shared Rings 119

6.4 Protection 119

6.5 Network Management 121

6.6 Bandwidth Management 124

6.7 Wavelength Management 125

6.8 Service Restoration 128

References 130

7 Other New Optical Networks 131

7.1 The Optical Transport Network 131

7.1.1 FEC in OTN 132

7.1.2 OPU-k 133

7.1.3 ODU-k 133

7.1.4 OTU-k 135

7.1.5 The Optical Channel 136

7.1.6 Optical Channel Carrier and Optical Channel Group 138

7.1.7 Nonassociated Overhead 139

7.1.8 Mapping in OTN 141

7.1.9 Mapping GFP Frames in OPU-k 141

7.2 Next Generation SONET/SDH and OTN 141

7.3 OTN Summary 142

References 143

8 NG-S over DWDM, OTN over DWDM, and Experimental Networks 145

8.1 Introduction 145

8.2 OTN over DWDM 147

8.3 Experimental Networks 148

8.3.1 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks 148

8.3.2 CDWM E-PON 150

8.3.2 The Wavelength-Bus 151

8.3.3 High-Performance Parallel Interface 154

8.3.4 Other Parallel Optical Buses 154

8.4 Conclusion 155

References 157

Appendix A 161

Appendix B 165

Appendix C 167

Acronynms 169

Index 189