3D Object Processing Compression, Indexing and Watermarking

The arrival, and continuing evolution, of high quality 3D objects has been made possible by recent progress in 3D scanner acquisition and 3D graphics rendering. With this increasing quality comes a corresponding increase in the size and complexity of the data files and the necessity for advances in compression techniques. Effective indexing to facilitate the retrieval of the 3D data is then required to efficiently store, search and recapture the objects that have been compressed. The application of 3D images in fields such as communications, medicine and the military also calls for copyright protection, or watermarking, to secure the data for transmission.

Written by expert contributors, this timely text brings together the three important and complementary topics of compression, retrieval and watermarking techniques for 3D objects. 3D object processing applications are developing rapidly and this book tackles the challenges and opportunities presented, focusing on the secure transmission, sharing and searching of 3D objects on networks, and includes:

• an introduction to the commonly used 3D representation schemes; the characteristics, advantages and limitations of polygonal meshes, surface based models and volumetric models;
• 3D compression techniques; the 3D coding and decoding schemes for reducing the size of 3D data to reduce transmission time and minimize distortion;
• state of the art responses to the intrinsic challenges of building a 3D-model search engine, considering view-based, structural and full-3D approaches;
• watermarking techniques for   ensuring intellectual property protection and content security without altering the visual quality of the 3D object.

3D Object Processing: Compression, Indexing and Watermarking is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers working in signal and image processing, computer aided design, animation and imaging systems. Practising engineers who want to expand their knowledge of 3D video objects, including data compression, indexing, security, and copyrighting of information, will also find this book of great use.

About the Contributors vii

Introduction 1

1 Basic Background in 3D Object Processing 5
Guillaume Lavoué

1.1 3D Representation and Models 5

1.2 3D Data Source 28

1.3 3D Quality Concepts 34

1.4 Summary 39

References 40

2 3D Compression 45
Guillaume Lavoué, Florent Dupont, Atilla Baskurt

2.1 Introduction 45

2.2 Basic Review of 2D Compression 46

2.3 Coding and Scalability Basis 48

2.4 Direct 3D Compression 51

2.5 Compression Based on Approximation 70

2.6 Normative Aspect: MPEG-4 76

2.7 Conclusion 77

2.8 Summary 78

2.9 Questions and Problems 79

References 80

3 3D Indexing and Retrieval 87
Stefano Berretti, Mohamed Daoudi, Alberto Del Bimbo, Tarik Filali Ansary, Pietro Pala, Julien Tierny, Jean-Phillippe Vandeborre

3.1 Introduction 87

3.2 Statistical Shape Retrieval 96

3.3 Structural Approaches 114

3.4 Transform-based Approaches: Spin Images 120

3.5 View-based Approach 123

3.6 Normative Aspect: MPEG-7 133

3.7 Summary 134

References 135

4 3D Object Watermarking 139
Jihane Bennour, Jean-Luc Dugelay, Emmanuel Garcia, Nikos Nikolaidis

4.1 Introduction 139

4.2 Basic Review of Watermarking 140

4.3 Watermarking Principles Applied to 3D Objects 144

4.4 A Guided Tour of 3D Watermarking Algorithms 153

4.5 Concluding Remarks 172

4.6 Summary 175

4.7 Questions and Problems 176

References 180

Conclusion 185

Index 191

Jean-Luc Dugelay (PhD 1992, Member of the IEEE 1994, Senior Member 2002) joined the Institute Eurecom (Sophia Antipolis) in 1992, where he is currently a professor in charge of image and video research and teaching activities in the Department of Multimedia communications. His research interests are in the area of multimedia signal processing and communications, including security imaging (i.e. watermarking and biometrics) and facial image analysis. He contributed to the first book on watermarking (Information hiding techniques for steganography and digital watermarking, Artech House, 199). He is an author or co-author of more than 150 papers that have appeared in journals or proceedings, 3 book chapters and 3 international patents. he has given several tutorials on digital watermarking (co-authored with F. Petitcolas from Microsoft research, Cambridge) at major conferences (ACM Multimedia, October 2000, Los Angeles, and Second IEEE Pacific-rim conference on Multimedia, October 2001, Beijing). He has been an invited speaker and/or member of the Program Committee of several scientific conferences and workshops related to digital watermarking. He was technical co-chair and organizer of the fourth workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Cannes, October 2001. His group is involved in several national and European Projects related to digital watermarking (RNRT Aquamars and Semantic-3D, 1ST Certimark). Professor Dugelay served as associate editor for several journals and is currently the Editor in Chief of the EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. He is currently a member of several Technical Committees of the IE Signal Processing Society. Email: jd@eurecom.fr

Atilla Baskurt was born in Ankara, Turkey, in 1960. He received is BS degree in 1984, MS in 1985 and PhD in 1989, all in Electrical Engineering from INSA of Lyon, France. From 1989 to 1998, he was Maitre de conferences at INSA of Lyon. Since 1998, he has been Professor in Electric