The Application of Programmable DSPs in Mobile Communications

Biographies xiii

List of Contributors xv

1 Introduction 1
Edgar Auslander and Alan Gatherer

1.1 It’s a Personal Matter 2

1.2 The Super Phone? 3

1.3 New Services 6

1.4 The Curse and Opportunity of Moore’s Law 8

1.5 The Book 9

2 The History of DSP Based Architectures in Second Generation Cellular Handsets 11
Alan Gatherer, Trudy Stetzler and Edgar Auslander

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 A History of Cellular Standards and Wireless Handset Architectures 11

2.2.1 1G and 2G Standards 11

2.2.2 2.5G and 3G Standards 12

2.2.3 Architecture Evolution 14

2.3 Trends in Low Power DSPs 17

2.3.1 Process Improvement 17

2.3.2 Instruction Set Enhancement 19

2.3.3 Power Management 21

References 21

3 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Dual Mode (2G and 3G) Handsets 23
Chaitali Sengupta, Nicolas Veau, Sundararajan Sriram, Zhenguo Gu and Paul Folacci

3.1 Introduction 23

3.2 The Wireless Standards 24

3.3 A Generic FDD DS Digital Baseband (DBB) Functional View 25

3.4 Functional Description of a Dual-Mode System 28

3.5 Complexity Analysis and HW/SW Partitioning 29

3.5.1 2G/3G Digital Baseband Processing Optimized Partitioning 31

3.6 Hardware Design Approaches 32

3.6.1 Design Considerations: Centralized vs. Distributed Architectures 32

3.6.2 The Coprocessor Approach 33

3.6.3 Role of DSP in 2G and Dual-Mode 37

3.7 Software Processing and Interface with Higher Layers 38

3.8 Summary 39

3.9 Abbreviations 39

References 40

4 Programmable DSPs for 3G Base Station Modems 41
Dale Hocevar, Pierre Bertrand, Eric Biscondi, Alan Gatherer, Frank Honore, Armelle Laine, Simon Morris, Sriram Sundararajan and Tod Wolf

4.1 Introduction 41

4.2 Overview of 3G Base Stations: Requirements 42

4.2.1 Introduction 42

4.2.2 General Requirements 42

4.2.3 Fundamental CDMA Base Station Base Band Processing 43

4.2.4 Symbol-Rate (SR) Processing 44

4.2.5 Chip-Rate (CR) Processing 44

4.3 System Analysis 46

4.3.1 SR Processing Analysis 46

4.3.2 CR Processing Analysis 46

4.4 Flexible Coprocessor Solutions 48

4.4.1 Viterbi Convolutional Decoder Coprocessor 48

4.4.2 Turbo Decoder Coprocessor 50

4.4.3 Correlator Coprocessor 52

4.5 Summary and Conclusions 54

5 The Use of Programmable DSPs in Antenna Array Processing 57
Matthew Bromberg and Donald R. Brown

5.1 Introduction 57

5.2 Antenna Array Signal Model 58

5.3 Linear Beamforming Techniques 62

5.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Derivation 62

5.3.2 Least Mean Square Adaptation 66

5.3.3 Least Squares Processing 67

5.3.4 Blind Signal Adaptation 71

5.3.5 Subspace Constraints 73

5.3.6 Exploiting Cyclostationarity 75

5.3.7 Transmit Beamformer Techniques 77

5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Signal Extraction 83

5.4.1 MIMO Linear System Model 83

5.4.2 Capacity of MIMO Communication Channels 86

5.4.3 Linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 87

5.4.4 Non-linear Estimation of Desired Signals in MIMO Communication Systems 90

5.4.5 Conclusions 93

References 93

6 The Challenges of Software-Defined Radio 97
Carl Panasik and Chaitali Sengupta

6.1 Cellular Communications Standards 98

6.2 What is SDR? 98

6.3 Digitizing Today’s Analog Operations 101

6.4 Implementation Challenges 103

6.5 Analog and ADC Issues 103

6.6 Channel Filter 104

6.7 Delta-Sigma ADC 104

6.8 Conclusion 105

References 105

7 Enabling Multimedia Applications in 2.5G and 3G Wireless Terminals: Challenges and Solutions 107
Edgar Auslander, Madhukar Budagavi, Jamil Chaoui, Ken Cyr, Jean-Pierre Giacalone, Sebastien de Gregorio, Yves Masse, Yeshwant Muthusamy, Tiemen Spits and Jennifer Webb

7.1 Introduction 107

7.1.1 ‘‘DSPs take the RISC’’ 107

7.2 OMAP H/W Architecture 111

7.2.1 Architecture Description 111

7.2.2 Advantages of a Combined RISC/DSP Architecture 113

7.2.3 TMS320C55x and Multimedia Extensions 113

7.3 OMAP S/W Architecture 114

7.4 OMAP Multimedia Applications 116

7.4.1 Video 116

7.4.2 Speech Applications 116

7.5 Conclusion 117

Further Reading 117

8 A Flexible Distributed Java Environment for Wireless PDA Architectures Based on DSP Technology 119
Gilbert Cabillic, Jean-Philippe Lesot, Frédéric Parain, Michel Banâtre, Valérie Issarny, Teresa Higuera, Gérard Chauvel, Serge Lasserre and Dominique D’Inverno

8.1 Introduction 119

8.2 Java and Energy: Analyzing the Challenge 120

8.2.1 Analysis of Java Opcodes 120

8.2.2 Analyzing Application Behavior 121

8.2.3 Analysis 125

8.3 A Modular Java Virtual Machine 127

8.3.1 Java Implantation Possibilities 127

8.3.2 Approach: a Modular Java Environment 129

8.3.3 Comparison with Existing Java Environments 131

8.4 Ongoing Work on Scratchy 132

8.4.1 Multi-Application Management 133

8.4.2 Managing the Processor’s Heterogeneity and Architecture 133

8.4.3 Distribution of Tasks and Management of Soft Real-Time Constraints 133

8.4.4 Energy Management 133

8.5 Conclusion 133

References 134

9 Speech Coding Standards in Mobile Communications 137
Erdal Paksoy, Vishu Viswanathan and Alan McCree

9.1 Introduction 137

9.2 Speech Coder Attributes 138

9.3 Speech Coding Basics 139

9.3.1 Waveform Coders 141

9.3.2 Parametric Coders 141

9.3.3 Linear Predictive Analysis-by-Synthesis 143

9.3.4 Postfiltering 146

9.3.5 Vad/dtx 146

9.3.6 Channel Coding 146

9.4 Speech Coding Standards 147

9.4.1 ITU-T Standards 147

9.4.2 Digital Cellular Standards 148

9.4.3 Wideband Standards 152

9.5 Speech Coder Implementation 153

9.5.1 Specification and Conformance Testing 153

9.5.2 ETSI/ITU Fixed-Point c 154

9.5.3 DSP Implementation 155

9.6 Conclusion 155

Acknowledgements 156

References 156

10 Speech Recognition Solutions for Wireless Devices 160
Yeshwant Muthusamy, Yu-Hung Kao and Yifan Gong

10.1 Introduction 160

10.2 DSP Based Speech Recognition Technology 160

10.2.1 Problem: Handling Dynamic Vocabulary 161

10.2.2 Solution: DSP-GPP Split 161

10.3 Overview of Texas Instruments DSP Based Speech Recognizers 161

10.3.1 Speech Recognition Algorithms Supported 161

10.3.2 Speech Databases Used 161

10.3.3 Speech Recognition Portfolio 162

10.4 TIESR Details 165

10.4.1 Distinctive Features 165

10.4.2 Grammar Parsing and Model Creation 166

10.4.3 Fixed-Point Implementation Issues 167

10.4.4 Software Design Issues 168

10.5 Speech-Enabled Wireless Application Prototypes 168

10.5.1 Hierarchical Organization of APIs 169

10.5.2 InfoPhone 171

10.5.3 Voice E-mail 172

10.5.4 Voice Navigation 173

10.5.5 Voice-Enabled Web Browsing 174

10.6 Summary and Conclusions 175

References 176

11 Video and Audio Coding for Mobile Applications 179
Jennifer Webb and Chuck Lueck

11.1 Introduction 179

11.2 Video 181

11.2.1 Video Coding Overview 182

11.2.2 Video Compression Standards 186

11.2.3 Video Coding on DSPs 187

11.2.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 188

11.3 Audio 190

11.3.1 Audio Coding Overview 191

11.3.2 Audio Compression Standards 193

11.3.3 Audio Coding on DSPs 195

11.3.4 Considerations for Mobile Applications 196

11.4 Audio and Video Decode on a DSP 198

References 200

12 Security Paradigm for Mobile Terminals 201
Edgar Auslander, Jerome Azema, Alain Chateau and Loic Hamon

12.1 Mobile Commerce General Environment 202

12.2 Secure Platform Definition 203

12.2.1 Security Paradigm Alternatives 204

12.2.2 Secure Platform Software Component 204

12.2.3 Secure Platform Hardware Component 205

12.3 Software Based Security Component 205

12.3.1 Java and Security 205

12.3.2 Definition 205

12.3.3 Features for Security 206

12.3.4 Dependency on OS 207

12.4 Hardware Based Security Component: Distributed Security 207

12.4.1 Secure Mode Description 208

12.4.2 Key Management 210

12.4.3 Data Encryption and Hashing 211

12.4.4 Distributed Security Architecture 212

12.4.5 Tampering Protection 213

12.5 Secure Platform in Digital Base Band Controller/MODEM 214

12.6 Secure Platform in Application Platform 215

12.7 Conclusion 215

13 Biometric Systems Applied To Mobile Communications 217
Dale R. Setlak and Lorin Netsch

13.1 Introduction 217

13.2 The Speaker Verification Task 219

13.2.1 Speaker Verification Processing Overview 219

13.2.2 DSP-Based Embedded Speaker Verification 224

13.3 Live Fingerprint Recognition Systems 225

13.3.1 Overview 225

13.3.2 Mobile Application Characterization 226

13.3.3 Concept of Operations 226

13.3.4 Critical Performance Metrics 228

13.3.5 Basic Elements of the Fingerprint System 233

13.3.6 Prototype Implementation 247

13.3.7 Prototype System Processing 248

13.4 Conclusions 251

References 251

14 The Role of Programmable DSPs in Digital Radio 253
Trudy Stetzler and Gavin Ferris

14.1 Introduction 253

14.2 Digital Transmission Methods 254

14.3 Eureka-147 System 255

14.3.1 System Description 255

14.3.2 Transmission Signal Generation 262

14.3.3 Receiver Description 265

14.4 Iboc 279

14.5 Satellite Systems 284

14.6 Conclusion 285

References 286

15 Benchmarking DSP Architectures for Low Power Applications 287
David Hwang, Cimarron Mittelsteadt and Ingrid Verbauwhede

15.1 Introduction 287

15.2 LPC Speech Codec Algorithm 288

15.2.1 Segmentation 288

15.2.2 Silence Detection 288

15.2.3 Pitch Detection Algorithm 289

15.2.4 LPC Analysis – Vocal Tract Modeling 289

15.2.5 Bookkeeping 290

15.3 Design Methodology 290

15.3.1 Floating-Point to Fixed-Point Conversion 290

15.3.2 Division Algorithm 292

15.3.3 Hardware Allocation 293

15.4 Platforms 293

15.4.1 Texas Instruments TI C54x 293

15.4.2 Texas Instruments TI C55x 294

15.4.3 Texas Instruments TI C6x 294

15.4.4 Ocapi 294

15.4.5 A|RT Designer 294

15.5 Final Results 294

15.5.1 Area Estimate 295

15.5.2 Power Estimate 295

15.6 Conclusions 297

Acknowledgements 298

References 298

16 Low Power Sensor Networks 299
Alice Wang, Rex Min, Masayuki Miyazaki, Amit Sinha and Anantha Chandrakasan

16.1 Introduction 299

16.2 Power-Aware Node Architecture 300

16.3 Hardware Design Issues 302

16.3.1 Processor Energy Model 303

16.3.2 Dvs 304

16.3.3 Leakage Considerations 306

16.4 Signal Processing in the Network 311

16.4.1 Optimizing Protocols 312

16.4.2 Energy-Efficient System Partitioning 313

16.5 Signal Processing Algorithms 317

16.5.1 Energy–Agile Filtering 318

16.5.2 Energy–Agile Data Aggregation 319

16.6 Signal Processing Architectures 320

16.6.1 Variable-Length Filtering 321

16.6.2 Variable Precision Architecture 322

16.7 Conclusions 324

References 324

17 The Pleiades Architecture 327
Arthur Abnous, Hui Zhang, Marlene Wan, George Varghese, Vandana Prabhu, Jan Rabaey

17.1 Goals and General Approach 327

17.2 The Pleiades Platform – The Architecture Template 329

17.3 The Control Processor 331

17.4 Satellite Processors 332

17.5 Communication Network 334

17.6 Reconfiguration 338

17.7 Distributed Data-Driven Control 339

17.7.1 Control Mechanism for Handling Data Structures 342

17.7.2 Summary 345

17.8 The Pleiades Design Methodology 345

17.9 The P1 Prototype 348

17.9.1 P1 Benchmark Study 350

17.10 The Maia Processor 352

17.10.1 Control Processor 353

17.10.2 Address Generator Processor 353

17.10.3 Memory Units 354

17.10.4 Multiply-Accumulate Unit 354

17.10.5 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 354

17.10.6 Embedded FPGA 354

17.10.7 Maia Results 355

17.11 Summary 357

References 358

18 Application Specific Instruction Set Architecture Extensions for DSPs 361
Jean-Pierre Giacalone

18.1 The Need for Instruction Set Extensibility in a Signal Processor 361

18.2 ISA Extension Capability of the TMS320C55x Processor 362

18.2.1 Control Modes 364

18.2.2 Dataflow Modes 366

18.2.3 Typical C55x Extension Datapath Architecture 367

18.2.4 Integration in Software Development Tools 370

18.3 Domains of Applications and Practical Examples 372

18.4 ISA Extensions Design Flow 376

References 377

19 The Pointing Wireless Device for Delivery of Location Based Applications 379
Pamela Kerwin, John Ellenby and Jeffrey Jay

19.1 Next Generation Wireless Devices 379

19.2 The Platform 379

19.3 New Multimedia Applications 379

19.4 Location Based Information 380

19.5 Using Devices to Summon Information 380

19.6 Pointing to the Real World 380

19.7 Pointing Greatly Simplifies the User Interface 381

19.8 Uses of Pointing 382

19.9 Software Architecture 382

19.9.1 Introduction 382

19.9.2 Assumptions 382

19.9.3 Overview 383

19.9.4 Alternatives 383

19.10 Use of the DSP in the Pointing System 383

19.11 Pointing Enhanced Location Applications 384

19.11.1 Pedestrian Guidance 385

19.11.2 Pull Advertising 386

19.11.3 Entertainment 386

19.12 Benefits of Pointing 387

19.12.1 Wireless Yellow Pages 387

19.12.2 Internationalization 387

19.12.3 GIS Applications 387

19.12.4 Entertainment and Gaming 388

19.12.5 Visual Aiding and Digital Albums 388

19.13 Recommended Data Standardization 388

19.13.1 Consideration of Current Standards Efforts 388

19.13.2 Device Data Types and Tiered Services 388

19.13.3 Data Specifications 389

19.13.4 Data Format 391

19.13.5 Is it Sufficient? 393

19.14 Conclusion 393

Index 395

Alan Gatherer is the CTO for Baseband System on Chip in Huawei Technologies, USA. He is responsible for R&D efforts in the US to develop next generation baseband chips and software for 3G and 4G basestation modems. Alan joined Huawei in January 2010. Prior to that he was a TI Fellow and CTO at Texas Instruments where he led the development of high performance, multicore DSP at TI and worked on various telecommunication standards. Alan has authored multiple journal and conference papers and is regularly asked to give keynote and plenary talks at communication equipment conferences. In addition, he holds over 60 awarded patents and is author of the book “The Application of Programmable DSPs in Mobile Communications.” Alan holds a bachelor of engineering in microprocessor engineering from Strathclyde University in Scotland. He also attended Stanford University in California where he received a master’s in electrical engineering in 1989 and his doctorate in electrical engineering in 1993.