Antennas (2^nd Ed.) From Theory to Practice

Comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals and latest developments in antennas and antenna design

In the newly revised Second Edition of Antennas: From Theory to Practice, renowned researcher, engineer, and author Professor Yi Huang delivers comprehensive and timely coverage of issues in modern antenna design and theory. Practical and accessible, the book is written for engineers, researchers, and students who work with radio frequency/microwave engineering, radar, and radio communications.

The book details the basics of transmission lines, radiowaves and propagation, antenna theory, antenna analysis and design using industrial standard design software tools and the theory of characteristic modes, antenna measurement equipment, facilities, and techniques. It also covers the latest developments in special topics, like small and mobile antennas, wide- and multi-band antennas, automotive antennas, RFID, UWB, metamaterials, reconfigurable and MIMO antennas, and more.

The new edition includes up to date information on a wide variety of newly relevant topics and trends, like adaptive impedance matching, the theory of characteristic modes, antenna materials and fabrication processes, and over-the-air (OTA) antenna system measurements. Many questions and examples are provided which enhances the ­learning experience.

The book covers:

• An introduction to circuit concepts and transmission lines, including lumped and distributed element systems, transmission line theory, and the Smith Chart
• An exploration of field concepts and radiowaves, including wave equations and solutions and radiowave propagation mechanisms, characteristics, and models
• Discussions of antenna basics and popular antennas, including wire-type antennas, aperture-type antennas, and antenna arrays
• Information about antenna manufacturing and measurements, including antenna measurement facilities and methods
• The use of industrial standard simulation tools for antenna design and analysis

Perfect for engineers and researchers who work in RF engineering or radar and radio communications, Antennas: From Theory to Practice, Second Edition will also earn a place on the bookshelves of university students seeking a concise and practical introduction to the basics of antennas and antenna design.

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

List of Acronyms and Constants

About the Author

1. Introduction

1.1 A Brief History of Antennas

1.2 Radio Systems and Antennas

1.3 Necessary Mathematics

1.3.1 Complex Numbers

1.3.2 Vectors and Vector Operation

1.3.3 Coordinates

1.4 Basics of Electromagnetics

1.4.1 Electric Field

1.4.2 Magnetic Field

1.4.3 Maxwell's Equations

1.4.4 Boundary Conditions

Summary

References

Problems

2. Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines

2.1 Circuit Concepts

2.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Element Systems

2.2 Transmission Line Theory

2.2.1 Transmission Line Model

2.2.2 Solutions and Analysis

2.2.3 Terminated Transmission Line

2.3 The Smith Chart and Impedance Matching

2.3.1 The Smith Chart

2.3.2 Impedance Matching

2.3.3 Quality Factor and Bandwidth

2.4 Various Transmission Lines

2.4.1 Two-wire Transmission Line

2.4.2 Coaxial Cable

2.4.3 Microstrip Line

2.4.4 Stripline

2.4.5 Co-planar Waveguide (CPW)

2.4.6 Waveguide

2.4.7 New Transmission Lines (SIW, Gap Wave…

2.5 Connectors

Summary

References

Problems

3. Field Concepts and Radiowaves

3.1 Wave Equation and Solutions

3.1.1 Discussion on Wave Solutions

3.2 Plane Wave, Intrinsic Impedance and Polarisa…

3.2.1 Plane Wave and Intrinsic Impedance

3.2.2 Polarisation

3.3 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms

3.3.1 Reflection and Transmission

3.3.2 Diffraction and Huygens' Principle

3.3.3 Scattering

3.4 Radiowave Propagation Characteristics in Me…

3.4.1 Media Classification and Attenuation

3.5 Radiowave Propagation Models

3.5.1 Free Space Model

3.5.2 Two-ray Model/Plane Earth Model

3.5.3 Multipath Models

3.6 Comparison of Circuit Concepts and Field C…

3.6.1 Skin Depth

Summary

References

Problems

4. Antenna Basics

4.1 Antennas to Radiowaves

4.1.1 Near Field and Far Field

4.1.2 Radiation Pattern

4.1.3 Directivity, Gain/Realised Gain and Radia…

4.1.4 Effective Aperture and Aperture Efficiency

4.1.5 Other Parameters from the Field Point o…

4.2 Antennas to Transmission Lines

4.2.1 Input Impedance and Radiation Resistan…

4.2.2 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss and…

4.2.3 Other Parameters from the Circuit Point…

Summary

References

Problems

5. Popular Antennas

5.1 Wire-Type Antennas

5.1.1 Dipoles

5.1.2 Monopoles and Image Theory

5.1.3 Loops and Duality Principle

5.1.4 Helical Antennas

5.1.5 Yagi-Uda Antennas

5.1.6 Log-periodic Antennas and Frequency In…

5.2 Aperture-Type Antennas

5.2.1 Fourier Transform and Radiated Field

5.2.2 Horn Antennas

5.2.3 Reflector and Lens Antennas

5.2.4 Slot Antennas and Babinet’s Principle

5.2.5 Microstrip Antennas

5.3 Antenna Arrays

5.3.1 Basic Concept

5.3.2 Isotropic Linear Arrays

5.3.3 Pattern Multiplication Principle

5.3.4 Element Mutual Coupling

5.4 Some Practical Considerations

5.4.1 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas: Re…

5.4.2 Balun and Impedance Matching

5.4.3 Antenna Polarisation

5.4.4 Radomes, Housings and Supporting Struc…

Summary

References

Problems

6. Computer Aided Antenna Design and Analysis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Computational Electromagnetics for Antennas

6.2.1 Method of Moments (MoM)

6.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)

6.2.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) M…

6.2.4 Transmission Line Modelling (TIM) Met…

6.2.5 Comparison of Numerical Methods

6.2.6 High Frequency Methods

6.3 Computer Simulation Software

6.3.1 Simple Simulation Tools

6.3.2 Advanced Simulation Tools

6.4 Examples of Computer Aided Design

6.4.1 Wire-type Antenna Design and Analysis

6.4.2 General Antenna Design and Analysis

6.5 Theory of Characteristic Modes for Antenna…

6.5.1 Mathematical Formulation of Characteri…

6.5.2 Physical Interpretation of Characteristic…

6.5.3 Examples of Using TCM for Antenna Des…

Summary

References

Problems

7. Antenna Materials, Fabrication, and Measurements

7.1 Materials for Antennas

7.1.1 Conducting Materials

7.1.2 Dielectric Materials

7.1.3 Composites

7.1.4 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces

7.2 Antenna Fabrication

7.2.1 PCB Based Fabrication

7.2.2 MEMS

7.2.3 LTCC

7.2.4 LCP

7.2.5 LDS

7.2.6 Printing

7.3 Antenna Measurement Basics

7.3.1 Scattering Parameters

7.3.2 Network Analysers

7.4 Antenna Measurement Facilities

7.4.1 Op en-Area Test Site

7.4.2 Anechoic Chamber

7.4.3 Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR)/PI…

7.4.4 Near Field Systems

7.4.5 Reverberation Chamber

7.5 Impedance, S11, and VSWR Measurements

7.6 Radiation Pattern Measurements

7.7 Gain Measurements

7.7.1 Gain Comparison Measurements

7.7.2 Two-antenna Measurement

7.7.3 Three-antenna Measurement

7.8 Efficiency Measurements

7.9 Miscellaneous Topics

7.9.1 Impedance De-embedding Techniques

7.9.2 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing

7.9.3 Probe Array in Near Field Systems

Summary

References

Problems

8. Special Topics

8.1 Electrically Small Antennas

8.1.1 The Basics and Impedance Bandwidth Li…

8.1.2 Antenna Size Reduction Techniques

8.1.3 Summary

8.2 Mobile Antennas

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas

8.2.3 Multipath and Antenna Diversity

8.2.4 User Interaction

8.2.5 Mobile Base-Station Antennas

8.2.6 Summary

8.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Ant…

8.3.1 MIMO Basics

8.3.2 MIMO Antennas and Key Parameters

8.3.3 MIMO Antenna Designs

8.3.4 Summary

8.4 Multi-band and Wideband Antennas

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 Multi-band Antennas

8.4.3 Wideband Antennas

8.4.4 Summary

8.5 RFID Antennas

8.5.1 Introduction

8.5.2 Near Field Systems

8.5.3 Far Field Systems

8.5.4 Summary

8.6 Reconfigurable Antennas

8.6.1 Introduction

8.6.2 Switch and Variable Component Technol…

8.6.3 Resonant Mode Switching/Tuning

8.6.4 Feed Network Switching/Tuning

8.6.5 Mechanical Reconfiguration

8.6.6 Liquid Reconfiguration Antennas

8.6.7 Discussion and Summary

8.7 Automotive Antennas

8.7.1 Introduction

8.7.2 Antenna Designs

8.7.3 Summary

8.8 Reflector Antennas

8.8.1 Fundamentals of Reflector Design

8.8.2 Feed Design

8.8.3 Dual and Multiple Reflector Designs

8.8.4 Blockage Effects

8.8.5 Overview of Reflector Analysis

8.8.6 Summary

Summary

Yi Huang, Fellow of IEEE and IET, is Head of High Frequency Engineering Group at the University of Liverpool, UK. He received his PhD in Communications and Electromagnetics from the University of Oxford, UK in 1994.