User-Innovation Barriers to Democratization and IP Licensing Routledge Studies in Innovation, Organizations and Technology Series

Economic growth is highly dependent on technological progress and innovation, yet the sources from which these innovations originate are still largely misunderstood and untapped. Recent research has demonstrated that users, rather than manufacturers, are often a critical source of innovation in numerous fields from extreme sports to medical devices to software. This book systematically identifies the most important barriers to user-innovation and critically evaluates the democratization of innovation argument by critically assessing the main legal, economic, technological, and societal barriers to user-innovation for the first time and proposing alternative possibilities.

Through original research the author reveals the dynamics of user-innovation and offers strategies for minimizing those factors that inhibit and stifle the spread of this phenomenon. From this analysis it becomes clear that user-innovation has become more difficult over time and that the problem is now of how manufacturers can enable users to overcome the discussed barriers and simultaneously benefit from such consumer-driven activities. Arguing that licenses are not just an important technology commercialization instrument but are tools critical to generating innovations, the author explains how licenses can in certain situations be employed to help users overcome some of the barriers to user-innovation. User-Innovation: Barriers to Democratization and IP Licensing is a practical guidebook as well as a startlingly original work of scholarship that will be essential reading for years to come.

List of Diagrams

List of Tables

List of Frequently Used Abbreviations

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part A: The Democratization Potential

Part B: Barriers to Democratization

B.1 Exploring the Barriers to User-Innovation

B. 2 Empirical Analysis in the Field of Medical Devices

Part C: The Dynamics of User-Innovation

Part D: The Paradigm of Licensing to Innovate

D. 1 The Permission to Innovate

D. 2 Licenses as Sources of Innovation

D. 3 Licensing to Innovate: An Alternate Instrument for User-Manufacturer Co-Operation

Appendix

Notes

Bibliography

Index