Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1996

Operations Research: 1934-1941," 35, 1, 143-152; "British The goal of the Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Operational Research in World War II," 35, 3, 453-470; Management Science is to provide to decision makers and "U. S. Operations Research in World War II," 35, 6, 910-925; problem solvers in business, industry, government and and the 1984 article by Harold Lardner that appeared in academia a comprehensive overview of the wide range of Operations Research: "The Origin of Operational Research," ideas, methodologies, and synergistic forces that combine to 32, 2, 465-475. form the preeminent decision-aiding fields of operations re­ search and management science (OR/MS). To this end, we The Encyclopedia contains no entries that define the fields enlisted a distinguished international group of academics of operations research and management science. OR and MS and practitioners to contribute articles on subjects for are often equated to one another. If one defines them by the which they are renowned. methodologies they employ, the equation would probably The editors, working with the Encyclopedia's Editorial stand inspection. If one defines them by their historical Advisory Board, surveyed and divided OR/MS into specific developments and the classes of problems they encompass, topics that collectively encompass the foundations, applica­ the equation becomes fuzzy. The formalism OR grew out of tions, and emerging elements of this ever-changing field. We the operational problems of the British and U. s. military also wanted to establish the close associations that OR/MS efforts in World War II.

A* Algorithm.- Acceptance sampling.- Accounting prices.- Accreditation.- Active constraint.- Active set methods.- Activity.- Activity-analysis problem.- Activity level.- Acyclic network.- Adjacent.- Adjacent (neighboring) extreme points.- Advertising Kalyanaram/Bass.- Affiliated values bidding model.- Affine transformation.- Affine-scaling algorithm.- Agency theory.- Agriculture and the food industry Bender/Kahan.- AHP.- AI.- Air force operations analysis Thomas.- Airline industry Ryan.- Algebraic modeling languages for optimization Rosenthal.- Algorithm.- Algorithmic complexity.- Alternate optima.- Alternate paths.- Analytic combat model.- Analytic hierarchy process Saaty.- Animation.- Anticycling rules.- Antithetic random variates.- Applied probability.- Arc.- Archimedean axiom.- ARIMA.- Arrival process.- Arrival-point distribution.- Arrow diagram.- Artificial intelligence Greenberg.- Artificial variables.- Assignment problem.- Automation Liberatore.- Availability Ushakov.- Averch-Johnson hypothesis.- Backward chaining.- Backward Kolmogorov equations.- Backward-recurrence time.- Balance equations.- Balking.- Banking Zenios.- Bar chart.- Barrier and distance functions Polyak.- Basic feasible solution.- Basic solution.- Basic variables.- Basis.- Basis inverse.- Basis vector.- Batch shops.- Battle modeling Hartley.- Bayesian decision theory, subjective probability and utility Laskey.- Bayes rule.- Beale tableau.- Bender’s decomposition method.- Best-fit decreasing algorithm.- Bidding models Rothkopf.- Big-M method.- Bilevel linear programming.- Binary variable.- Bin-packing Wang/Coleman.- Bipartite graph.- Birth-death process.- Bland’s anticycling rules.- Blending problem.- Block-angular system.- Block pivoting.- Block-triangular matrix.- Bootstrapping.- Bounded rationality.- Bounded variable.- Branch.- Branch and bound.- Brownian motion.- BTRAN.- Buffer.- Bulk queues.- Burke’s theorem.- Busy period.- Calculus of variations Nash.- Call priorities.- Candidate rules.- Capacitated transportation problem.- Capital budgeting Levary.- CASE.- CDF.- Center for Naval Analyses Harris.- Certainty equivalent.- Certainty factor.- Chain.- Chance-constrained programming.- Chance constraint.- Chaos.- Chapman-Kolmogorov equations.- Chinese postman problem Stewart.- Choice strategies.- Choice theory Adelman.- Chromatic number.- Chromosome.- Circling.- CIM.- Classical optimization.- Closed network.- Cluster analysis Aronson/Sundaram.- Cobb-Douglas production function.- COEA.- Coefficient of variation.- Cognitive mapping.- Coherent system.- Column generation.- Column vector.- Combat model.- Combat simulation.- Combinatorial and integer optimization Hoffman/Padberg.- Combinatorial explosion.- Combinatorics Lawler.- Common random variates.- Common value bidding model.- Communications networks Sykes.- Community operations research.- Complementarity condition.- Complementarity problems Cottle.- Complementary pivot algorithm.- Complementary slackness theorem.- Computational complexity Hall.- Computational geometry Beichl/Bernal/Witzgall/Sullivan.- Computational probability.- Computer science and operations research Sharda.- Concave function.- Conclusion.- Condition number.- Cone.- Congestion system.- Conjugate gradient method.- Connected graph.- Conservation of flow.- Constrained optimization problem.- Constraint.- Constraint qualification.- Construction applications Perry.- Continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC).- Control charts.- Controllable variables.- Control theory Manitius.- Convex combination.- Convex cone.- Convex function.- Convex hull.- Convex polyhedron.- Convex-programming problem.- Convex set.- Convexity rows.- Corner point.- Corporate strategy Hax/Majluf.- Cost analysis Balut/Gulledge.- Cost coefficient.- Cost effectiveness analysis Womer.- Cost range.- Cost row.- Cost slope.- Cost vector.- COV.- Covering problem.- Coxian distribution.- CPM.- CPP.- Cramer’s rule.- Crash cost.- Crash time.- Crew scheduling.- Crime and justice Barnett/Maltz.- Criterion cone.- Criterion space.- Criterion vector.- Critical activity.- Critical path.- Critical path method (CPM).- Crossover.- Curse of dimensionality.- Customer distribution.- Cut.- Cut set.- Cutting stock problems Haessler.- CV.- Cybernetics Sage.- Cycle.- Cyclic queueing network.- Cyclic service discipline.- Cycling.- Danzig-Wolfe decomposition algorithm.- Database design.- Data envelopment analysis Cooper.- DEA.- Decision analysis Schum.- Decision maker (DM).- Decision making Buede.- Decision problem.- Decision support systems Vazsonyi.- Decision trees Eriksen/Keller.- Decision variables.- Decomposition algorithm.- Degeneracy.- Degenerate solution.- Degree.- Delaunay triangulation.- Delay.- Delphi method Dewar/Friel.- Density.- Density function.- Departure process.- Descriptive model.- Design and control.- Detailed balance equations.- Determinant.- Deterministic model.- Developing countries Galvão.- Development tool.- Devex pricing.- Deviation variables.- DFR.- Diameter.- Diet problem.- Diffusion approximation.- Diffusion process.- Digraph.- Dijkstra’s algorithm.- Directed graph.- Direction of a set.- Directional derivative.- Discrete-programming problem.- Discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC).- Distribution selection for stochastic modeling Gross.- DMU.- Documentation Gass.- Domain knowledge.- DSS.- Dual linear-programming problem.- Dual-simplex method.- Duality theorem.- Dualplex method.- Dummy arrow.- Dynamic programming White.- Earliest finish time.- Earliest start time.- Econometrics Kelejian/Prucha.- Economic order quantity.- Economics Murphy.- Edge.- Efficiency.- Efficiency frontier.- Efficient algorithm.- Efficient point.- Efficient solution.- Eigenvalue.- Eigenvector.- Electric power systems Yu.- Elementary elimination matrix.- Elimination method.- Ellipsoid algorithm.- ELSP.- Embedding.- Emergency services Chelst.- EMS.- Entering variable.- Environmental systems analysis ReVelle.- EOQ.- Ergodic theorems.- Erlang.- Erlang B formula.- Erlang C formula.- Erlang delay model.- Erlang distribution.- Erlang loss model.- Error analysis.- Eta file.- Eta matrix.- Eta vector.- Ethics Engel.- Euler tour.- Evaluation.- Event-driven simulation.- EVOP.- Ex ante forecasts.- Exclusive-or node.- Expected utility theory.- Expert systems Holsapple/Whinston.- Exploratory modeling Bankes.- Exponential arrivals.- Exponential-bounded (-time) algorithm.- Exponential smoothing Brown.- Extremal.- Extremal column.- Extremal problem.- Extreme direction.- Extreme point.- Extreme point solution.- Extreme ray.- Face validity.- Facilities layout Kaku.- Facility location Chhajed, Francis, Lowe.- Factorable programming Jackson.- Failure-rate function.- Farkas’ lemma.- Farrell measure.- Fathom.- FCFS.- Feasible basis.- Feasible region.- Feasible solution.- FEBA.- Feedback queue.- Field analysis Kreiner.- FIFO.- Finite source.- Fire models Levin.- Firing a rule.- First feasible solution.- First-fit decreasing algorithm.- First-order conditions.- Fixed-charge problem.- Flexible manufacturing systems Stecke.- Float.- Flow.- Flow shop.- Flow time.- FMS.- Forecasting Armstrong.- Forward chaining.- Forward Kolmogorov equations.- Forward-recurrence time.- Fourier-Motzkin elimination method.- Fractional programming Schaible.- Framing.- Frank-Wolfe method.- Free float.- Free variable.- Freight routing.- FTRAN.- Fuzzy sets Gass.- GA.- Game theory Lucas.- Gaming Schwabe.- Gamma distribution.- Gantt charts Nahmias.- Gaussian elimination.- Gauss-Jordan elimination method.- Gene.- Generalized Erlangian distribution.- Generalized upper-bounded (GUB) problem.- Generator (of a Markov process).- Genetic algorithms Michalewicz.- Geographic information systems Gray/Suchocki.- Geometric programming Ecker.- GERT.- GIS.- Global balance equations.- Global maximum (minimum).- Global models Gass.- Global solution.- Goal constraints.- Goal programming Schniederjans.- Gomory cut.- Gordan’s theorem.- GP.- Gradient vector.- Graeco-Latin square.- Graph.- Graphical evaluation and review technique.- Graphics.- Graph theory Shier.- Greedy algorithm.- GRG method.- Group decision computer technology Buede.- Group decision making Zahedi.- GUB.- Half space.- Hamiltonian tour.- Hazard rate.- Health care systems Gascon/Pierskalla.- Heavy-traffic approximation.- Hessenberg matrix.- Hessian matrix.- Heterogeneous Lanchester equations.- Heuristic procedure.- Hierarchical production planning Hax.- Higher education Hearn/Lough.- Hirsch conjecture.- Homogeneous Lanchester equations.- Homogeneous linear equations.- Homogeneous solution.- Horn clause.- Hospitals Morey.- Hundred percent rule.- Hungarian method.- Hypercube queueing model Larson.- Hyperexponential distribution.- Hypergame analysis.- Hyperplane.- Identity matrix.- IFORS.- IFR.- IIASA.- IID.- Imbedded Markov chain.- Implementation Woolsey.- Implicit enumeration.- Implicit price.- Importance sampling.- Impossibility theorem.- Inactive constraint.- Incidence matrix.- Incident.- Independent float.- Independent private values bidding model.- Indirect costs.- Industrial applications and OR Fortuin/van Beek/Van Wassenhove.- Industrial dynamics.- Industrial engineering and operations research Jarvis.- Infeasible solution.- Inference engine.- Influence diagrams.- Information systems and database design in OR/MSMüller-Merbach.- INFORMS.- Initial feasible solution.- Input process.- Input-output analysis.- Input-output coefficients.- Insensitivity.- Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS).- Integer goal programming.- Integer-programming problem.- Intensity function.- Interactive optimization.- Interchange heuristic.- Interfering float.- Interior point.- Interior-point methods Boggs.- International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS).- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).- Intervention model.- Inventory modeling Silver.- Inverse matrix.- IP.- IS.- Isomorphic graph.- ISOP 9000 standard.- Isoquant.- Iteration.- IVHS.- Jackson network.- Job shop scheduling Jones/Rabelo/Yih.- Johnson’s theorem.- Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing.- Karmarkar’s algorithm.- Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions.- Kendall’s notation.- Kilter conditions.- KKT conditions.- Klee-Minty problem.- Knapsack problem.- Knowledge acquisition.- Knowledge base.- Knowledge engineer.- Königsberg bridge problem.- König’s theorem.- Kruskal’s algorithm.- Kuhn-Tucker (KT) conditions.- Lack of memory.- Lagrange multipliers.- Lagrangian decomposition.- Lagrangian function.- Lagrangian relaxation.- Lanchester attrition.- Lanchester’s equations Engel.- Laplace-Stieltjes transform.- Laplace transform.- Large-scale systems Ho.- Latest finish time.- Latest start time.- Latin square.- LCFS.- LCP.- LDU matrix decomposition.- Learning Buck.- Learning curves Loerch.- Least-squares analysis.- Leontief matrix.- Level-crossing methods Brill.- Level curve.- Lexicographic ordering.- Lexico-positive (negative) vector.- LGP.- Libraries Reisman/Xu.- LIFO.- Likelihood ratio.- Limiting distribution.- Lindley’s equation.- Line.- Linear combination.- Linear equation.- Linear fractional-programming problem.- Linear functional.- Linear equality.- Linear programming Hillier.- Line segment.- Lipschitz.- Little’s law Albin.- Local balance equations.- Local improvement heuristic.- Local maximum.- Local minimum.- Local optimum.- Local solution.- Location analysis ReVelle.- Logic programming.- Logical variables.- Logistics Solomon.- Log-linear model.- Longest-route problem.- Loss function.- Lottery.- Lower-bounded variables.- Lowest index anticycling rules.- LP.- LU matrix decomposition.- MAD.- Maintenance Ushakov.- Makespan.- Malcolm Baldridge award.- Manhattan metric.- Manpower planning Bartholomew.- MAP.- Marginal value (COST).- Marketing Eliashbergl/Lilien/Wind.- Markov chains Harris.- Markov decision processes White.- Markovian arrival process (MAP).- Markov processes Miller.- Markov property.- Markov random field.- Markov renewal process.- Markov routing.- Marriage problem.- Master problem.- Matching Eglese.- Material handling Rosenblatt.- Material requirements planning.- Mathematical model.- Mathematical programming.- Mathematical-programming problem.- Mathematical programming society.- Mathematical-programming system (MPS).- Matrices and matrix algebra Tucker.- Matrix-analytic stochastic models Neuts.- Matrix geometric.- Matrix game.- MAUT.- Max-flow min-cut theorem.- Maximum.- Maximum feasible solution.- Maximum-flow network problem.- Maximum matching problem.- MCDM.- Measure of effectiveness (MOE).- Medicine and medical practice Flagle.- Memoryless property.- Menu planning.- Metagame analysis.- Metamodeling Pressman/Friedman.- Method of stages.- Military operations research Thomas.- MIMD.- Minimum.- Minimum (maximum) feasible solution.- Minimum-cost network-flow problem.- Minimum spanning tree problem.- Minor.- MIP.- MIS.- Mixed-integer programming problem (MIP).- Mixed network.- Model.- Model accreditation Gass.- Model builder’s risk.- Model evaluation Gass.- Model management Krishnan.- Model testing.- Model user’s risk.- Model validation.- Model verification.- MODI.- MOIP.- MOLP.- Monte-Carlo sampling and variance reduction Kleijnen/Rubinstein.- MOR.- MORS.- MRP.- MS.- MSE.- Multi-attribute utility theory Sarin.- Multicommodity network-flow problem.- Multicommodity network flows Shetty.- Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM).- Multidimensional transportation problem.- Multi-echelon inventory systems.- Multi-echelon logistics systems.- Multi-objective linear-programming problem.- Multi-objective programming Steuer.- Multiple criteria decision making Ramesh/Zionts.- Multiple optimal solutions.- Multiple pricing.- Multiplier vector.- Nash saddle-point.- Natural resources Weintraub.- Near-optimal solution.- Neighboring extreme point.- Network.- Network design.- Network optimization Magnanti.- Network planning Rand.- Network simplex algorithm.- Networks of queues Disney.- Neural networks Ignizio/Burke.- Newsboy problem.- Newsvendor problem.- Newton’s method.- NLP.- Node.- Node-arc incidence matrix.- Nonactive (nonbinding) constraint.- Non-Archimedean number.- Nonbasic variable.- Non-compensatory choice strategies.- Nondegenerate basic feasible solution.- Nondonimated solution.- Nonlinear goal programming.- Nonlinear programming Fiacco.- Nonnegative solution.- Nonnegativity conditions.- Non-preemptive.- Nonsingular matrix.- Nontrivial solution.- Nonzero-sum game.- Normative model.- Northwest-corner solution.- NP, NP-complete, NP-hard.- Null matrix.- Null space.- Numerical analysis Nash.- O, o notation.- Objective function.- Object-oriented database.- OEG.- Offered load.- Open network.- Operations Evaluation Group (OEG).- Operations management Vonderembse/Marchal.- Operations Research Office and Research Analysis Corporation Visco/Harris.- Operations Research Society of America (ORSA).- Opportunity cost.- Optimal feasible solution.- Optimality criteria.- Optimal solution.- Optimal value.- Optimal value function.- Optimization.- Optimization of queues.- OR.- Organization Burton/Obel.- Origin node.- OR/MS.- ORO.- ORSA.- Out-of-kilter algorithm.- Output process.- Outside observer distribution.- Overachievement variable.- Overflow process.- Overtaking.- P4.- Packing problem.- Palm measure.- Parallel computing Eckstein.- Parameter.- Parameter-homogeneous stochastic process.- Parametric bound.- Parametric linear programming.- Parametric programming Gal.- Parametric solution.- Pareto-optimal solution.- Partial balance equations.- Partial pricing.- PASTA.- Path.- Payoff function.- Payoff matrix.- PDA.- PDF.- PDSA.- Periodic review.- PERT.- Perturbation.- Perturbation methods.- Petro-chemical industry Baker.- PFI.- Phase I procedure.- Phase II procedure.- Phase-type distribution.- Phase-type probability distributions Neuts.- Piecewise linear function.- Pivot column.- Pivot element.- Pivot row.- Pivot-selection rules.- Po.- Point stochastic processes Ushakov.- Point-to-set-map.- Poisson arrivals.- Poisson process.- Politics Hess/Wong-Martinez.- Pollaczek-Khintchine formula.- Polling system.- Polyhedron.- Polynomial hierarchy.- Polynomially bounded (-time) algorithm (polynomial algorithm).- Polynomial-time.- Polynomial-time reductions and transformations.- Portfolio analysis.- Portfolio theory: mean-variance Board/Ziemba.- POS.- Postoptimal analysis.- Posynomial programming.- Power model.- PP.- PPB(S).- Practice of Operations Research and Management Science Miser.- Precedence diagramming.- Predictive model.- Preemption.- Preemptive priorities.- Preference theory Dyer/Jia.- Prescriptive model.- Prices.- Pricing multipliers.- Pricing out.- Pricing vector.- Primal-dual algorithm.- Primal-dual linear-programming problems.- Primal problem.- Prim’s algorithm.- Prisoner’s dilemma game.- Probabilistic algorithm.- Probabilistic programming.- Probability density function (PDF).- Probability distribution.- Probability distribution selection.- Probability generating function.- Probability integral transformation method.- Problem solving.- Problem structuring methods Rosenhead.- Processor sharing.- Product form.- Product form of the inverse (PFI).- Product-form solution.- Production function.- Production management Bitran/Dasu.- Product-mix problem.- Production rule.- Program evaluation Kaplan/Strauss.- Program evaluation and review technique (PERT).- Project management Rand.- Projection matrix.- Project SCOOP.- Proper coloring.- Prospect theory.- Protocols.- Pseudoconcave function.- Pseudoconvex function.- Pseudoinverse.- Pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm.- Pseudorandom numbers.- Public policy analysis Walker/Fisher.- Pull system.- Pure-integer programming problem.- Push system.- QC.- Q-GERT.- QP.- Quadratic assignment problem.- Quadratic form.- Quadratic-integer programming.- Quadratic programming Murty.- Quadratic-programming problem.- Quality control Alt/Jain.- Quasi-concave function.- Quasi-convex function.- Quasi-reversibility.- Queue inference engine Larson.- Queueing discipline.- Queueing networks.- Queueing theory Heyman.- RAC.- Rail freight operations Martland.- RAND corporation Fisher/Walker.- Random field.- Random number generators L’Ecuyer.- Random variates.- Random walk.- Ranging.- Rank.- Rate matrix.- Ray.- R-chart.- R&D.- Readiness.- Reasoning.- Reasoning knowledge.- Recognition problem.- Recourse linear program.- Reduced costs.- Reduced gradient methods.- Redundancy Ushakov.- Redundant constraint.- Regeneration points.- Regression analysis Greenberg.- Relational database.- Relative costs.- Relaxed problem.- Reliability.- Reliability function.- Reliability of systems Gross.- Reneging discipline.- Renewal equation.- Renewal processes Ushakov.- Representation theorem for polyhedral set.- Research Analysis Corporation (RAC).- Research and development Papageorgiou.- Resource aggregation.- Resource leveling.- Resource smoothing.- Response time.- Restricted-basis entry rule.- Retailing Tone.- Revenue equivalence theorem.- Revenue neutrality theorem.- Reversible Markov process.- Revised simplex method.- RHS.- Right-hand-side.- Risk.- Risk assessment Chittister/ Haimes/Harris.- Risk management Chittister/Haimes.- Ritter’s partitioning method.- Robustness analysis.- Rosen’s partitioning method.- Roundoff error.- Route construction heuristic.- Route improvement heuristic.- Row vector.- Rule.- Rule set.- Running time of an algorithm.- SA.- Saddle-point of a function.- Saddle-point of a game.- Saddlepoint problem.- St. Petersburg paradox.- Safety Ushakov.- Sand table battle model.- Satisficing.- Scaling.- Scenario.- Scenario analysis.- SCERT.- Scheduling and sequencing Magazine.- Score functions Rubinstein/Shapiro/Uryasev.- Scoring model.- Scripted battle model.- Search theory Stone.- Second-order conditions.- Self-dual parametric algorithm.- Semi-Markov process.- Semi-strictly quasi-concave function.- Semi-strictly quasi-convex function.- Sensitivity analysis.- Separable function.- Separable-programming problem.- Separating hyperplane theorem.- Series queues.- Service systems.- Set-covering problem.- Set-partitioning problem.- SEU.- Shadow prices.- Shapley value.- Shell.- Shewhart chart.- Shortest-route problem.- Signomial programming.- SIMD.- Simple upper-bounded problem (SUB).- Simplex.- Simplex method (algorithm).- Simplex multipliers.- Simplex tableau.- Simulated annealing Anandalingam.- Simulation of discrete-event stochastic systems Gross.- Simulator.- Single-server network.- Singular matrix.- Sink node.- SIRO.- Skew-symmetric matrix.- Slack variable.- Slack vector.- SLP.- S-model.- Smooth patterns of production.- Soft systems methodology (SSM).- Sojourn time.- Solution.- Solution space.- SOS.- Source node.- Space Evans.- Spanning tree.- Sparse matrix.- Sparsity.- Special-ordered sets (SOS).- Splines Johnson.- Sports Ladany.- Spreadsheets Plane.- SQC.- Square root law.- ST.- Stages.- Staircase structure.- Stanford-B model.- Stationary distribution.- Stationary stochastic process.- Stationary transition probabilities.- Statistical equilibrium.- Statistical process control.- Steady state.- Steady-state distribution.- Steepest descent method.- Steiner tree problem.- Stepping-stone method.- Stigler’s diet problem.- Stochastic duel.- Stochastic model.- Stochastic process.- Stochastic programming King.- Strategic assumption surfacing and testing (SAST).- Strategic choice.- Strategic options development and analysis (SODA).- Strictly quasi-concave function.- Strictly quasi-convex function.- Strong duality theorem.- Strongly NP-complete (NP-hard).- Strongly polynomial-time algorithm.- Structural variables.- Structured modeling Geoffrion.- Subjective probability.- Suboptimization.- SUB problem.- Super-sparsity.- Supplemental variables.- Surplus variable.- Surplus vector.- Symmetric matrix.- Symmetric network.- Symmetric primal-dual problems.- Symmetric zero-sum two-person game.- System.- System dynamics Richardson.- System reliability.- Systems analysis Mason/Conger.- Tableau.- Tabu search Glover.- Takuchi loss function.- Tandem queues.- Technological coefficients.- Telecommunication networks.- Terminal.- The Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS).- Theorem of alternatives.- Thickness.- Time/cost trade-offs.- Time series analysis Mastrangelo/Montgomery.- Time-stepped simulation.- Time-tabling.- TIMS.- Tolerance analysis.- Total float.- Total quality management Ramberg.- TQC.- TQM.- Traffic analysis Gazis.- Traffic equations.- Traffic intensity.- Traffic process.- Transfer function.- Transient analysis.- Transition function.- Transition matrix.- Transition probabilities.- Transportation problem.- Transportation problem paradox.- Transportation simplex (primal-dual) method.- Transposition theorems.- Transshipment problem.- Traveling salesman problem Hoffman/Padberg.- Tree.- Triangular matrix.- Trim problem.- Trivial solution.- Truck dispatching.- Truckload (TL) shipment.- TS.- TSP.- Tucker tableau.- Two-phase simplex method.- Unary NP-complete (NP-hard).- Unbalanced transportation problem.- Unbalanced optimal solution.- Unconstrained optimization Sofer.- Unconstrained solution.- Uncontrollable variables.- Underachievement variable.- Undetermined system of linear equations.- Undirected arc.- Unimodular matrix.- Unique solution.- Unrestricted variable.- Unsymmetric primal-dual problems.- Upper-bounded problems.- Urban services Chelst.- Utility function.- Utility theory Fishburn.- Vacation model.- Vacation time.- Validation.- Value function.- VAM.- Variance reduction.- Vector maximum problem.- Vector optimization problem.- Vector space.- Vehicle routing Bodin.- Vehicle scheduling.- Verification.- Verification, validation and testing of models Balci.- VERT.- Vertex.- Virtual reality.- Visualization Bell.- Vogel’s approximation method (VAM).- Von Neumann-Morgenstern (expected) utility theory.- Voronoi constructs Beichl/Bernal/Witzgall/Sullivan.- Voronoi diagram.- VV&A.- VV&T.- Waiting time.- War game.- Warehouse problem.- Water resources Krzysztofowicz.- Weak duality theorem.- Weakly-coupled systems.- Weber problem.- Wilkinson equivalent random technique.- WIMP.- Wolfe’s quadratic-programming problem algorithm.- Work schedule.- Worst-case analysis.- X-bar chart.- Yield management Mason/Conger.- Zero-one goal programming.- Zero-one variables.- Zero-sum.- Zero-sum game.- Zero-sum two-person game.

The goal of the encyclopedia is to provide decision makers and problem solvers in business, industry, government and academia with a comprehensive overview of the wide range of ideas, methodologies, and synergistic forces that combine to form the preeminent decision-aiding fields of operations research and management science (OR/MS). Each article provides a background or history of the topic, describes relevant applications, overviews present and future trends, and lists seminal and current references. The encyclopedia is organized into ten major topical entries and over 200 secondary entries.