Phosphorus Pollution Control Policies and Strategies Analytical Methods in Earth and Environmental Science Series

Phosphorus Pollution Control ? Policies and Strategies

Deterioration and decline of water resources due to pollution caused by humans and their activities has become a universal health, environmental, social and economic problem. Excess discharges of nutrients, in particular, phosphorus, has been recognized as the most prevalent water pollution problem globally. Moreover, its perpetual occurrence and expansion creates imminent threats to water and food security.

Despite extensive research during the past ?ve decades, many key questions in eutrophication science remain unanswered. This book summarizes the most recent policies and strategies for phosphorus removal and recovery from municipal, residential and agricultural wastewater effluents and runoff into a concise and up-to-date volume. The book will be of interest to environmental and water resources scientists and engineers, consultants, policy makers, and practitioners working in the field.

Author Biography ix

Acknowledgements x

List of Abbreviations xii

1 The Looming Threat of Eutrophication 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Trophic Classes of Water Bodies 3

1.3 The Role of Phosphorus in Eutrophication 4

1.4 Impacts of Eutrophication 7

1.5 The Extent of Eutrophication 8

1.6 Global Climate Change and Eutrophication 10

Further Reading/Resources 10

2 Water Quality Legislation and Policy for Phosphorus Pollution Control 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Water Policies to Protect Water Quality from Phosphorus Pollution 13

2.3 Governance of Innovative Technologies for Phosphorus Removal 30

2.4 ETV for Innovative Phosphorus Removal Technologies and Practices 36

3 Phosphorus Removal Methods and Technologies 41

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 P Removal from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Effluents (MWWTE) 43

3.3 Phosphorus Removal from Residential Wastewater Effluents (Onsite Residential Wastewater and Disposal Treatment Systems) 50

3.4 North American Onsite Wastewater Treatment Market 64

3.5 Agricultural Phosphorus Pollution and Mitigation Measures and Strategies 70

3.6 Phosphorus Removal from Urban Stormwater Runoff 94

3.7 In‐Lake Treatment of P 98

4 Phosphorus Recovery Technologies 100

4.1 Introduction 100

4.2 P Recovery from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Effluents 102

4.3 P Recovery from Manure 108

4.4 P Recovery from Alternative Sources – Water and Soil Management Systems 112

4.5 Phosphorus Recovery Regulations 113

4.6 Conclusions 115

References 117

Index 153

Aleksandra Drizo, is a former Professor in Sustainable Water Management at the University of Vermont, USA and in Water Technology at Heriot-Watt University, UK. She has nearly 30 years of experience in research, development, implementation and assessment of innovative technologies for phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater, leading and managing projects in USA, Canada, Europe, Taiwan, Brazil, and New Zealand.