Miniaturized Analytical Devices Materials and Technology

Miniaturized Analytical Devices

An in-depth overview of integrating functionalized nanomaterials with mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and other important analytical techniques

Miniaturized Analytical Devices: Materials and Technology is an up-to-date resource exploring the analytical applications of miniaturized technology in areas such as clinical microbiology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental analysis. The book covers the integration of functional nanomaterials in mass spectrometry, microscopy, electrophoresis, and more?providing the state-of-the-art information required for successfully implementing a range of chemical analysis techniques on microchips.

Featuring contributions from a panel of international experts in the field, the book begins with an introduction to selected miniaturized devices, nanomaterials, and analytical methods. Subsequent sections describe functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs) for miniaturized devices and discuss techniques such as miniaturized mass spectrometry for bioassays and miniaturized microscopy for cell imaging. The book concludes by exploring a variety of applications of miniaturized devices in areas including metal analysis, bioimaging, DNA separation and analysis, molecular biology, and more. This timely volume:

• Surveys the current state of the field and provides a starting point for developing faster, more reliable, and more selective analytical devices
• Focuses on the practical applications of miniaturized analytical devices in materials science, clinical microbiology, the pharmaceutical industry, and environmental analysis
• Covers a wide range of materials and analytical techniques such as microvolume UV-VIS spectroscopy, microchip and capillary electrophoresis, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis
• Discusses the role of miniaturized analytical devices in securing a green and sustainable future

Miniaturized Analytical Devices: Materials and Technology is essential reading for analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, biologists, life scientists, and advanced students in related fields.

Section 1 Miniaturized Devices in Analytical and Bioanalytical Sciences 1

1 Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis for the Separation and Identification of Biomolecules 3
Suresh K. Kailasa, Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta, and Jigneshkumar V. Rohit

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Brief Summary of MCE 4

1.2.1 Fabrication of Microfluidic Chips 4

1.2.2 Designing Microfluidic Channels 5

1.2.3 Electrophoretic Separation 6

1.2.4 Detectors 6

1.2.4.1 Capability of Microchip Electrophoresis for the Separation and Identification of Biomolecules 7

1.2.4.2 Detection of Cancer Biomarkers 8

1.2.4.3 Assays of Immune Disorders and Microbial Diseases by MCE 10

1.2.4.4 Assays of Biomarkers by MCE 11

1.3 Summary 14

Acknowledgments 14

References 14

2 Portable Nanomaterials Impregnated Paper-Based Sensors for Detection of Chemical Substances 21
Khemchand Dewangan and Kamlesh Shrivas

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 General Aspects of Nanomaterials 22

2.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 22

2.3.1 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Technique 23

2.3.2 Reduction of Metal Salts 25

2.3.3 Microemulsion Techniques 25

2.3.4 Sol–Gel 25

2.3.5 Polyol Processes 25

2.3.6 Coprecipitation 26

2.3.7 Thermal Decomposition of Metal–Organic Complex 26

2.3.8 Temperature-Programmed Reaction in the Presence of NH 3 Gas 26

2.3.9 Urea as Nitrogen Source 27

2.4 Characterization of Nanomaterials 27

2.5 Paper Substrate and Functional Materials 29

2.5.1 Uniqueness of Paper Substrate 29

2.5.2 Functional Materials and Fabrication Methods 29

2.6 Different Types of Detection Methods 30

2.6.1 Colorimetric 31

2.6.2 Electrochemical 32

2.6.3 Fluorescence 32

2.6.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 33

2.7 Applications of Nanomaterial-Based Paper Sensors 33

2.7.1 Environmental Aspects 33

2.7.2 Clinical Aspects 35

2.7.3 Food Safety Aspects 36

2.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 36

References 37

3 Miniaturized Analytical Technology in Agriculture 49
Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta, Vimalkumar S. Prajapati, and Jigneshkumar V. Rohit

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for the Fungal Detection in Plants 51

3.3 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for the Virus Detection in Plants 53

3.4 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for the Bacterial Detection in Plants 61

3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 65

References 66

4 Solvent Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Riverine Sediment and Surface Water of Subarnarekha River and Its Tributary, India  71
Balram Ambade, Shrikanta S. Sethi, Amit Kumar, and Tapan K. Sankar

4.1 Introduction 71

4.2 Materials and Methods 72

4.2.1 Description of Study Area 72

4.2.2 Sampling and Pretreatment 72

4.2.3 Extraction and Cleanup of PAHs from Samples 74

4.2.4 Analysis 74

4.2.5 Quality Assurance 74

4.3 Results and Discussion 75

4.3.1 PAH Concentration in Water 75

4.3.1.1 PAHs Concentration in Subarnarekha Riverine Sediment 76

4.3.1.2 PAH Concentration in Kharkai Riverine Sediment 77

4.3.2 PAH Composition 78

4.3.3 Analysis for Sources of PAHs 79

4.3.3.1 Diagnostic Ratio 79

4.3.3.2 Principal Component Analysis 82

4.3.3.3 Potential Ecosystem Risk Assessment 83

4.4 Conclusions 85

Acknowledgments 86

References 86

5 Laboratory-on-a-Chip: A Multitasking Device 91
Mansi Mehta, Bhikhu More, Tanvi Tamakuwala, and Gaurav Shah

5.1 Introduction 91

5.1.1 LOC in Multiplexing Microfabricated Devices 91

5.1.2 LOC in Integration 92

5.2 History 92

5.3 LOC Manufacturing Technologies 92

5.3.1 PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) 93

5.3.2 Thermopolymers 93

5.3.3 Glass 93

5.3.4 Silicon 93

5.3.5 Paper 93

5.4 Advantages of LOC Compared to Conventional Technologies 94

5.4.1 Low Cost 94

5.4.2 Easy Use 94

5.4.3 Reduction of Human Error 94

5.4.4 Less Sample Requirement 94

5.4.5 High Parallelization 94

5.4.6 Fast Response 94

5.4.7 Process Control and Sensitivity 95

5.4.8 Cost Effective 95

5.5 Limitations of LOC Compared to Conventional Technologies 95

5.5.1 Industrialization 95

5.5.2 Signal/Noise Ratio 95

5.5.3 Additional Requirements for Efficient Work 95

5.5.4 Ethics 95

5.6 Applications of LOC in Different Fields 95

5.6.1 LOC in Genomics 95

5.6.2 LOC in Post-Genome Era 96

5.6.3 LOC in Immunological Assay 96

5.6.4 Organ-on-a-Chip 98

5.6.5 LOC in Food Safety 98

5.6.6 LOC in Environmental Monitoring 99

5.6.7 LOC in Cancer Diagnosis 99

5.6.8 LOC in COVID-19 Detection 100

5.7 Present Challenges 101

5.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 102

References 102

6 Microscopic Tools for Cell Imaging 105
Parveen Parasar and Vivek K. Singh

6.1 Introduction 105

6.2 Microscopy – History and Development 106

6.2.1 Live-cell Imaging Microscopy 107

6.2.2 Fluorescent Microscopy 107

6.2.2.1 Principle 107

6.2.2.2 Photobleaching 107

6.2.2.3 Fluorescence Microscopy and Dynamics of Cellular Processes 108

6.2.2.4 Confocal Microscopy of Living Cells: General Approach 109

6.2.2.5 Minimizing Photodynamic Damage 109

6.2.2.6 Improving Photon Efficiency 110

6.2.2.7 Use of Antioxidants 110

6.2.3 Fluorescence Imaging Modalities 110

6.2.3.1 Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) 110

6.2.4 Phase-contrast Microscopy 111

6.2.4.1 Principle 111

6.2.5 Quantitative Phase-contrast Microscopy 112

6.2.5.1 Principle 112

6.2.6 Holotomography (HT) or Optical Diffraction Tomography 113

6.2.6.1 Principle 113

6.3 Other Considerations 114

6.3.1 Oil Immersion and Water Immersion Lenses 114

6.3.2 Dry Lenses 114

6.3.3 Photodamage of Cells 114

6.3.4 Specimen Environment 115

6.3.5 Improve S/N Ratio 115

6.4 Conclusions 115

References 116

Section 2 Functionalized Nanomaterial for Miniaturized Devices 121

7 Ionic Liquid–Assisted Single-Drop Microextraction: A Miniaturized Sample Preparation Tool for Various Analytes 123
Janardhan R. Koduru and Lakshmi P. Lingamdinne

7.1 Introduction 123

7.2 Ionic Liquids 124

7.2.1 Background 124

7.2.2 Chemistry and Functionality of Ionic Liquids 124

7.2.3 Classification of ILs 125

7.2.4 Various Applications of Ionic Liquids (ILs) 128

7.3 Ionic Liquid–Assisted SDME for Analytes 129

7.3.1 Factors Influencing Ionic-Liquid-Assisted SDME 129

7.3.1.1 Vapor Pressure and Thermal Stability of ILs 129

7.3.1.2 The ILs are Liquids in a Broad Range 131

7.3.1.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension of ILs 131

7.3.2 ILs in SDME Coupled with Various Analytical Detectors for Analysis of Various Analytes 131

7.3.2.1 Analysis of Organic/Bioorganic Molecules 132

7.3.2.2 Inorganic Analysis 134

7.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 141

References 142

8 Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Miniaturized Analytical Devices 153
Thang P. Nguyen

8.1 Introduction 153

8.2 2D Nanomaterials 154

8.2.1 Graphene 154

8.2.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene 154

8.2.1.2 Characteristics and Applications of Graphene 156

8.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides 156

8.2.2.1 Synthesis Method 157

8.2.2.2 Characteristics and Applications of TMOs 157

8.2.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 159

8.2.3.1 Preparation of TMCs 159

8.2.3.2 Characteristics and Applications of TMCs 162

8.2.4 MXenes 163

8.2.4.1 MXene Preparation 163

8.2.4.2 Characteristics and Applications of MXenes 163

8.2.5 2D Metal–Organic Frameworks 164

8.2.5.1 Synthesis of 2D MOFs 165

8.2.5.2 Characteristics and Applications of MOFs 166

8.3 Functionalization Methodologies 167

8.3.1 Inorganic Doping Method 167

8.3.2 Functionalized Organic Functional Groups 168

8.4 Outlook 169

References 171

9 Functionalized Materials for Miniaturized Analytical Devices 181
Hani Nasser Abdelhamid

9.1 Introduction 181

9.2 Miniaturized Devices 182

9.3 Miniaturized Devices for Analysis 183

9.3.1 Optical Devices 183

9.3.2 Electrochemical Methods 184

9.3.3 Magnetic Relaxation Switches (MRSw) Assays 184

9.3.4 Microfluidic Technology 185

9.3.5 Mass Spectrometry 186

9.4 Applications of Nanomaterials in Miniaturized Separation Techniques 187

9.5 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges 187

9.6 Conclusions 188

Acknowledgments 189

References 189

10 Microvolume UV–Visible Spectrometry for Assaying of Pesticides 197
Jigneshkumar V. Rohit and Vaibhavkumar N. Mehta

10.1 Introduction 197

10.2 Ag NP–Based Microvolume UV–Visible Spectrometry for Analysis of Pesticides 198

10.2.1 Analysis of Fungicides 199

10.2.2 Analysis of Herbicides 202

10.2.3 Analysis of Insecticides 202

10.2.4 Analysis of Other Pesticides 204

10.3 Au NP–based Microvolume UV–Visible Spectrometry for Analysis of Pesticides 205

10.3.1 Analysis of Fungicides 205

10.3.2 Analysis of Herbicides 205

10.3.3 Analysis of Insecticides 209

10.4 Summary 212

References 212

11 Miniaturized Liquid Extractions in MALDI–MS Analysis 219
Nazim Hasan and Shadma Tasneem

11.1 Introduction 219

11.2 MALDI/SALDI–TOF–MS Instrumentation and Ionization Expected Mechanism Before Miniaturization of Liquid Extraction by Nanoparticles 221

11.2.1 MALDI–TOF–MS Techniques 221

11.2.2 Miniaturization-Based NPs in SALDI/MALDI–TOF–MS Application 224

11.3 Miniaturization of Metal Nanoparticles as Affinity Probe for SDME Via Maldi–tof–ms 225

11.3.1 Affinity Probe of Functionalized Au and Ag Nanoparticles as Sdme 225

11.3.2 Nanoparticles and Ionic Liquid (NP-IL) Hybrid Probes as SDME 227

11.4 Miniaturization of Nanoprobes for LLME Via MALDI–TOF–MS 228

11.4.1 Miniaturized Nanoparticles as LLME Enrichment Probes for Biomolecules 228

11.4.2 Miniaturized Nanoparticle-Based LLME Affinity Probes for Bacterial Proteins 229

11.5 Miniaturization of Nanomaterial Affinity Probes for Biomolecules Liquid Extraction 233

11.5.1 Metal Nanoparticle–Based Miniaturization Liquid Extraction Probes 234

11.5.2 Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs)-Based Miniaturization Liquid Extraction Probes in MALDI–TOF Analysis 239

11.5.3 Metal-Oxide Nanomaterial–Based Miniaturization Liquid Microextraction for MALDI–TOF–MS 241

11.5.3.1 Phosphopeptides Enrichment by Liquid Microextraction Analysis by Maldi–tof–ms 241

11.5.3.2 Miniaturization of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles for Bacterial Proteins Liquid Microextraction Analysis by MALDI–TOF–MS 243

11.5.3.3 Miniaturization Nanoarray-Based Biochips for Biomolecule Analysis by Maldi–ms 247

11.6 Conclusion 250

References 250

12 Mechanisms and Applications of Nanopriming: New Vista for Seed Germination 261
Karen P. Pachchigar, Darshan T. Dharajiya, Sumeet N. Jani, Jaykishan N. Songara, and Gaurav S. Dave

12.1 Introduction to Agriculture and Green Nanotechnology 261

12.2 Nanopriming for Better Crop Germination 263

12.3 Anticipated Mechanisms Underlying Nanopriming: Plant Physiology and Molecular-Level Interactions 264

12.3.1 Imbibition and Vigorous Seedling Growth 265

12.3.2 Osmotic Adjustment and Membrane Dynamics 266

12.3.3 Antioxidant and ROS Signaling 267

12.3.4 Hormonal Crosstalk and Metabolic Flux 268

12.4 Current Status of Nanopriming 269

12.5 Conclusion 273

References 273

13 Nanotechnology for Environmental Pollution Detection and Remedies 279
Nishant Srivastava and Gourav Mishra

13.1 Introduction 279

13.2 Nanotechnology for Environmental Monitoring and Diagnosis 280

13.2.1 Nanosensors for Water Contamination 280

13.2.2 Nanosensors for Air Pollution 282

13.2.3 Nanosensors for Soil Contamination 283

13.2.4 Nanobiosensors 284

13.3 Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation 285

13.3.1 Photocatalysis Or Advanced Oxidation Process for Environmental Remediation 286

13.3.2 Nanocomposites and Nanodevices for Environmental Remediation 288

13.4 Conclusion 289

References 289

Index 295

Suresh Kumar Kailasa, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) Surat, Gujarat, India. His work involves the design and synthesis of functional nanomaterials and their analytical applications for recognition of various chemical species. His research interests include green synthetic approaches for functional nanomaterials, drug delivery, and mass spectrometry.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials in the environment and analytical chemistry. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and is author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks.