Vasopressin, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1987 Principles and Properties

The concept for Vasopressin: Principles and Properties originated during the sum­ mer of 1983. From reviewing the rich and diverse literature on vasopressin, it became evident that the rapid advancements in this field made it difficult to syn­ thesize the information gathered from divergent scientific disciplines into a coherent view of the biological role of vasopressin. We perceived the need for a series of critical reviews delineating this recent progress. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in studies of the anatomy, physiology, phar­ macology, molecular biology, and behavioral activities of vasopressin. This is, in no small measure, due to the finding that vasopressin can no longer be regarded solely as a neurohypophysial hormone. Our present knowledge is that vasopressin is synthesized in also has an axonal messenger role in the nervous system and of the brain, although the functions of vasopressin in these periph­ sites outside of vasopressin eral sites are not well understood. In order to prepare an overview concentrating on recent studies in vertebrates, authors were selected based on their expertise and asked to review their research area, including the work from other laboratories. It was our intent to provide an updated definitive reference which would complement and extend such past texts as Neurohypophysial Hor­ mones and Similar Polypeptides (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol­ ume XXIII, 1968) and The Pituitary Gland and Its Neuroendocrine Control (Handbook of Physiology, Section 7: Volume IV, 1974).

1 Anatomy and Function of the Classic Vasopressin-Secreting Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy of the Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial Vasopressin System.- 2.1. Early Studie.- 2.2. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Production in Separate Neuron.- 2.3. Location of Neurons That Are the Source of Systemic Vasopressi.- 2.4. Cytoarchitecture of Magnocellular Vasopressin Neuron.- 2.5. Function-Associated Changes in Magnocellular Neurons.- 3. Colocalization of Peptides in Vasopressinergic Neurons.- 4. Cell Biology of Magnocellular Vasopressin Secretion.- 4.1. Synthesis and Packaging of Vasopressin.- 4.2. Storage and Release of Vasopressin.- 4.3. Role of Lysosomes in Magnocellular Neurons.- 5. Non-neuronal Elements and Neurosecretion.- 5.1. Hypothalamic Glial Cells and Neural Lobe Pituicytes.- 5.2. Blood Vessels.- 6. Control of the Activity of Vasopressin Neurons.- 6.1. Introduction and Technical Considerations.- 6.2. Long-Fiber Tract Afferents.- 6.3. Local Circuits in the Control of Vasopressin Neurons.- 6.4. Plasticity of the Synaptic Input to Magnocellular Neurons.- 6.5. Osmoreception: Are Vasopressin Neurons Osmoreceptors?.- 6.6. Other Nonsynaptic Inputs to Vasopressin Neurons.- 6.7. Control of Vasopressin Release in the Neural Lobe.- 7. Conclusion.- Reference.- 2 Vasopressin Localization and Putative Functions in the Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vasopressin: From Hormone to Neurotransmitter.- 3. Origin of the Vasopressinergic Fibers in the Brain.- 3.1. Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nucleus.- 3.2. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 3.3. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis.- 3.4. Other Cell Groups.- 4. Sexually Dimorphic Vasopressin Innervation of the Brain.- 5. Putative Functions of Vasopressin in the Central Nervous System.- 5.1. Paraventricular Nucleus.- 5.2. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 5.3. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Medial Amygdala.- 6. Coupling of Central and Peripheral Actions.- References.- 3 Development of Vasopressin Systems and Their Functions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ontogeny of the Vasopressin Systems.- 2.1. Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System.- 2.2. Paraventricular-Hypophysial Portal System.- 2.3. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 2.4. Other Exo- and Extrahypothalamic Systems.- 3. Fetal Hypothalamic Grafting.- 3.1. Magnocellular Neurons.- 3.2. Parvocellular Neurons.- 4. Ontogeny of Hormonal Vasopressin Action.- 4.1. Osmoregulatory Action.- 4.2. Cardiovascular Action.- 4.3. Corticotropic Action.- 4.4. Liver Glucogenolytic Action.- 5. Circadian Rhythm.- 6. Vasopressin: An Early Trophic Factor?.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Biosynthesis of Vasopressin and Neurophysins.- 1. Structural Features of Products Secreted by Vasopressin Neurons.- 2. Structure of Preprovasopressin.- 3. Post-translational Modification of Preprovasopressin.- 4. Regulation of Vasopressin Biosynthesis.- 5. Production of Vasopressin and Neurophysins by Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.- References.- 5 Electrophysiology of the Central Vasopressin System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodological Considerations.- 2.1. Experimental Preparations.- 2.2. Recording Methods.- 2.3. Cell Identification.- 3. General Electrophysiological Properties of Magnocellular Cells.- 3.1. Resting Membrane Potentials.- 3.2. Synaptic Potentials.- 3.3. Action Potentials.- 3.4. Responses to Antidromic Stimulation.- 4. Distinctive Electrophysiological Properties of Magnocellular Vasopressin Cells: The Phasic Firing Pattern.- 4.1. Parameters of Phasic Firing.- 4.2. Cellular Specificity of the Phasic Firing Pattern.- 4.3. Endogenous Control of Phasic Firing.- 4.4. Role of Extraneous Input in the Control of Phasic Firing.- 5. Electrophysiological Responses Associated with the Afferent Control of Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons.- 5.1. Effects of Osmotic Stimuli.- 5.2. Hemorrhage.- 5.3. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Activation.- 5.4. Activation of Atrial Stretch Receptors.- 5.5. Afferent Integration of Hemodynamic Stimuli.- 6. Electrical Activity and Hormonal Release in Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons.- 6.1. Events in the Exocytotic Release Process.- 6.2. Facilitation and Fatigue: Significance of Phasic Firing in the Release Process.- 6.3. Coordination of Release between Vasopressin Cells.- 6.4. Control at the Level of the Neurosecretory Terminal.- 7. Electrophysiology of Extrahypothalamic Vasopressinergic Pathways.- 7.1. Antidromic Identification and Electrophysiological Characteristics.- 7.2. Electrophysiological Responses and Mechanisms for Release in Central Vasopressin Pathways.- 7.3. Electrophysiology of Parvocellular Vasopressin Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Electrophysiological Actions of Vasopressin in Extrahypothalamic Regions of the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodology.- 2.1. Administration of Peptide.- 2.2. Recording of Peptide Effects.- 3. Electroencephalography.- 4. Single-Unit Activity.- 4.1. In Vivo Investigations.- 4.2. In Vitro Investigations.- 5. Evaluation of the Various Effects.- References.- 7 Effect of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides on Vasopressin Release.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in SON.- 2.1. Acetylcholine.- 2.2. Norepinephrine.- 2.3. Dopamine.- 2.4. Serotonin.- 2.5. GABA.- 2.6. Histamine.- 2.7. Substance P.- 2.8. Angiotensin II.- 2.9. Opioid Peptides: Dynorphin, Enkephalin, and ?-Endorphin.- 2.10. Neuropeptide Y.- 2.11. Atrial Natriuretic Factor.- 2.12. Vasopressin.- 3. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in Neural Lobe.- 3.1. Opioid Peptides: Dynorphin, Enkephalin, and ?-Endorphin.- 3.2. Cholecystokinin.- 3.3. Dopamine.- 3.4. Serotonin.- 3.5. Somatostatin.- 3.6. Neurotensin.- 3.7. GABA.- 3.8. Acetylcholine.- 3.9. Substance P.- 3.10. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 8 Selective Agonists and Antagonists of Vasopressin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Vasopressin Analogues.- 3. Bioassays.- 3.1. Assays for Agonistic Activities.- 3.2. Assays for Antagonistic Activities.- 4. More Potent and More Selective Vasopressin Agonists.- 5. Antagonists of the Vasopressor (V1) Responses to Vasopressin.- 6. Antagonists of the Antidiuretic (V2) Responses to AVP.- 6.1. Structural Features Favoring V2 Antagonism and V2/V1 Selectivity.- 6.2. Future Directions for Design of Vasopressor V2-Receptor Antagonists.- 7. Uses of Vasopressin Agonists and Antagonists.- 8. Summary.- References.- 9 Physiological Effects of Vasopressin on the Kidney.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Multiple Renal Actions by Which Vasopressin May Aid the Concentration of Urine.- 2.1. Renal Countercurrent Systems.- 2.2. Increased Water Permeability of Collecting Duct System.- 2.3. Ancillary Actions of Vasopressin.- 2.4. Comment.- 3. Vasopressin and Renal Hemodynamics.- 3.1. Exogenous Vasopressin in Brattleboro Homozygotes.- 3.2. Inhibition of Endogenous Vasopressin in Long-Evans Rats.- 3.3. Comment.- 4. Vasopressin and Urinary Sodium Excretion.- 4.1. Exogenous Vasopressin in Brattleboro Homozygotes.- 4.2. Inhibition of Endogenous Vasopressin in Long-Evans Rats.- 4.3. Comment.- 5. Summary.- References.- 10 Cardiovascular Actions of Vasopressin.- 1. Historical Overview.- 2. Normal Variations of Plasma AVP Concentration.- 3. Cardiovascular Sensitivity to AVP.- 3.1. AVP Receptor Binding.- 3.2. In Vitro and in Situ Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle.- 3.3. AVP-Induced Vasoconstriction in Animals and Humans.- 4. Regional Vascular Responses to AVP.- 5. AVP-Neural Interactions that Influence Cardiovascular Function.- 5.1. AVP-Baroreceptor Reflex Interactions.- 5.2. AVP-Interaction with Nonbaroreflex Neural Pathways Involved in Cardiovascular Function.- 5.3. AVP-Central Neural Pathways as Related to Cardiovascular Function.- 6. Role of Endogenous Vasopressin in Cardiovascular Control.- 6.1. Hemorrhage.- 6.2. Dehydration, Volume-Depleted States.- 6.3. AVP in Fetal Cardiovascular Control.- 7. Vasopressin in Hypertension.- 7.1. Effects of Prolonged Administration of Vasopressin.- 7.2. Vasopressin in Experimental Hypertension.- References.- 11 Vasopressin and Endocrine Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- 2.1. Effects of Exogenous Vasopressin on the HPAA.- 2.2. Effects of Endogenous Vasopressin on the HPAA.- 2.3. Effects of Changes in the HPAA on Vasopressin.- 3. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis.- 3.1. Effects of Exogenous Vasopressin on the HPTA.- 3.2. Studies with the Brattleboro Rat.- 3.3. Effects of Changes in the HPTA on Vasopressin.- 4. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.- 4.1. Effects of Vasopressin on Gonadotropin Release.- 4.2. Vasopressin and Gonadal Interactions.- 5. Prolactin.- 6. Growth Hormone.- 7. Blood Glucose Levels.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 12 Vasopressin Receptors in the Brain and Pituitary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Techniques for Binding Site Determination.- 2.1. Light Microscopic Autoradiography.- 2.2. Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterization of Binding Sites in Synaptic Plasma Membranes.- 3. Vasopressin Receptors and Binding Sites Outside the Brain and Pituitary.- 4. Distribution of Vasopressin-Binding Sites in the Brain.- 4.1. Light Microscopic Autoradiography.- 4.2. Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterization of Vasopressin-Binding Sites in Synaptic Membrane Preparations.- 5. Vasopressin-Binding Sites in the Pituitary.- 6. Vasopressin-(4–9)-Binding Sites.- 7. Vasopressin Antagonist-Binding Sites.- 8. Vasopressin as a Neuromodulator.- 9. Comparison of the Distribution of Vasopressin- and Oxytocin-Binding Sites.- 10. Comparison of the Distribution of Vasopressin-Binding Sites and Their Fibers.- 10.1. Binding without Input.- 10.2. Input without Binding.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 Metabolic Processing of Vasopressin in the Brain and Significance of Metabolites.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Action of Brain Peptidases on Vasopressin.- 3. Isolation and Identification of Vasopressin Metabolites Generated in Vitro.- 4. Mechanism of in Vitro Processing of Vasopressin.- 5. Properties of Vasopressin-Converting Aminopeptidase Activity.- 6. Occurrence of Vasopressin Metabolites in Vivo.- 7. Biological Activities of Vasopressin Metabolites.- 7.1. Classic Hormonal Activities.- 7.2. Central Activities and Receptor Binding in the Brain.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 14 Vasopressin and Animal Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neural and Endocrine Organization.- 3. Physiological Concentrations and Actions of Vasopressin.- 4. Vasopressin and the Blood-Brain Barrier.- 5. Vasopressin and Avoidance Behavior in Normal Animals.- 5.1. Peripheral Vasopressin.- 5.2. Central Vasopressin Influence on Avoidance Behavior.- 6. Vasopressin and Positively Rewarded Behavior.- 7. Memory Behavior in Vasopressin-Deficient Rats.- 8. Other Behavioral Effects of Vasopressin.- 8.1. Motor Behavior.- 8.2. Nociceptivity and Analgesic Effects.- 8.3. Temperature Regulation.- 8.4. Sleep, Sexual Behavior, and Appetite.- 9. Synthesis.- References.- 15 Vasopressin and Human Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vasopressin and Cognitive Disorders.- 2.1. Animal Studies.- 2.2. Human Studies: General.- 2.3. Head Trauma.- 2.4. Amnesic Syndrome Associated with Chronic Alcoholism.- 2.5. Aging and Senile Dementia.- 2.6. Depression and Schizophrenia.- 2.7. Other Patients.- 2.8. Healthy Volunteers.- 3. Cognitive Disorders and Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid-Vasopressin Levels.- 4. Evaluation of Clinical Studies.- 4.1. Pharmacological Parameters.- 4.2. Neuropsychological Parameters.- 4.3. Nature of the Tests Used for Diagnosis and Treatment Evaluation.- 4.4. Nature of the Vasopressin Effect.- 5. Evaluation of the Animal Studies Pertinent to the Possible Treatment Effects in Humans.- 5.1. Impact of Neuropathological Lesions.- 5.2. The Neural Substrate for the Action of Vasopressin.- 5.3. Nature of the Vasopressin Effect.- 5.4. The Diurnal Cycle.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 16 Aging of Rodent Vasopressin Systems: Morphometric and Functional Considerations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System and Aging.- 2.1. Vasopressin Staining: Basal Conditions.- 2.2. Vasopressin Content: Basal Conditions.- 2.3. Circulating Levels of Vasopressin: Basal Conditions.- 2.4. Water Balance in Aging Rodents.- 2.5. Cell Loss versus Impaired Neuron Function.- 3. Vasopressin/Noradrenergic Interactions and Aging.- 4. Other Vasopressin Systems and Aging.- 4.1. The Accessory Magnocellular System.- 4.2. Parvocellular Paraventricular Systems.- 4.3. The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus System.- 4.4. Testosterone-Dependent Forebrain Systems.- 4.5. Vasopressin in the Duodenum.- 5. Orthostatic and Postprandial Hypotension and Aging.- 6. Vasopressin, Alcohol Intolerance, and Aging.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 17 Vasopressin in Relationship to Human Aging and Dementia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurohypophysial Peptides: Hormones and Transmitters.- 3. The Hypothalamic Magnocellular Nuclei: Alterations in Neurosecretion with Aging and Dementia.- 4. The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Changes in Rhythmical Processes During Aging.- 5. Consequences for Vasopressin Substitution Therapy.- 6. Alternatives to Peptide Treatment.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.