The Quantum Principle: Its Interpretation and Epistemology, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1974

This study deals with the development of, and the current discussion about, the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The following topics are discussed: 1. The Copenhagen In­ terpretation; 2. Formal Problems of Quantum Mechanics; 3. Process of Measurement and the Equation of Motion; 4. Macroscopic Level of Description; 5. Search for Hidden Variables; 6. The Notion of 'Reality' and the Epistemology of Quantum Mechanics; and 7. Quantum Mechanics and the Explanation of Life. The Bohr-Einstein dialogue on the validity of the quan­ tum mechanical description of physical reality lasted over two decades. Since the early nineteen-fifties, Eugene Wigner has provided much of the point and counterpoint of the continuing discussion on the interpretation and epistemolo­ gy of quantum mechanics. We have explored Wigner's views in some detail against the background of historical develop­ ment and current debate. Professor Eugene Wigner has sustained me over many years in my work on the conceptual development of mod­ ern physics by his kindness and encouragement. This study owes its existence to his direct inspiration, and to his suggestion to me in April 1971 that it would be of interest to write an account of the interpretation of quantum me­ chanics and the current discussion about it. XII PREFACE This study was completed in September 1972. Signifi­ cant new developments have occurred since then in the dis­ cussion of questions related to the epistemology of quan­ tum mechanics.

1. Introduction.- 2. The Copenhagen Interpretation.- 3. Formal Problems of the Quantum Mechanical Scheme.- 3.1. Formal Problems in Nonrelativistic Quantum Theory.- 3.1.1. Superselection Rules.- 3.1.2. Are all Hermitian Operators Observable?.- 3.2. Formal Problems in Relativistic Quantum Theory.- 3.2.1. Instantaneous Nature of Measurements.- 3.2.2. Conflict Between Successive Measurements.- 4. Theory of Measurement and the Equation of Motion.- 4.1. The Formal Scheme of Quantum Mechanics.- 4.2. Quantum Theory as the Theory of Observations.- 4.3. Quantum Theory without Quantum Jumps.- 4.4. Indeterminate State Vector of the Apparatus.- 5. Transition to the Macroscopic World.- 5.1. Complementarity.- 5.2. Statistical Description.- 5.3. Probability in Quantum Physics.- 5.4. Macrophysical Description.- 5.5. Measurement as the Increase of Information.- 5.6. Extension of Von Neumann’s View.- 5.7. Microphysics, Macrophysics and Dissipation.- 6. Hidden Variables.- 6.1. Substratum as a Solution of Divergences in Quantum Field Theory.- 6.2. Von Neumann’s Proof of the Nonexistence of Hidden Variables.- 6.3. Bell’s Local Hidden Variables.- 6.4. The Hidden-Variable Model of Bohm and Bub.- 7. The Notion of ‘Reality’ and the Epistemology of Quantum Mechanics.- 7.1. Description of Reality.- 7.2. The Complementary Description.- 7.3. The ‘Positivistic’ Point of View or Two Kinds of Reality.- 7.4. The Collectivistic-Materialistic View.- 7.5. Can a System Be Isolated?.- 8. Quantum Mechanics and the Explanation of Life.- 8.1. The Mind-Body Problem.- 8.2. Complementary Hierarchies.- 8.3. The Totality View of Life.- 8.4. Structure, Dissipation and Life.- 8.5. Are We Machines?.- References and Notes.