The Mystery of Existence Why Is There Anything At All?

This compelling study of the origins of all that exists, including explanations of the entire material world, traces the responses of philosophers and scientists to the most elemental and haunting question of all: why is anything here?or anything anywhere? Why is there something rather than nothing? Why not nothing? It includes the thoughts of dozens of luminaries from Plato and Aristotle to Aquinas and Leibniz to modern thinkers such as physicists Stephen Hawking and Steven Weinberg, philosophers Robert Nozick and Derek Parfit, philosophers of religion Alvin Plantinga and Richard Swinburne, and the Dalai Lama.

• The first accessible volume to cover a wide range of possible reasons for the existence of all reality, from over 50 renowned thinkers, including Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Leibniz, Hume, Bertrand Russell, Stephen Hawking, Steven Weinberg, Robert Nozick, Derek Parfit, Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne, John Polkinghorne, Paul Davies, and the Dalai Lama 
• Features insights by scientists, philosophers, and theologians
• Includes informative and helpful editorial introductions to each section
• Provides a wealth of suggestions for further reading and research
• Presents material that is both comprehensive and comprehensible

About the Editors vii

Acknowledgments viii

1 General Introduction 1

2 Some Quotations 13

Leibniz, Kant 13

Schopenhauer, William James, George Santayana, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Bertrand Russell, J.J.C. Smart 14

John A. Wheeler, Stephen Hawking, Steven Weinberg 15

3 Possible Responses to “Why Anything?” 16

Nicholas Rescher 16

4 First Solution: A Blank is Absurd 18

Editorial Introduction 18

F.H. Bradley, Henri Bergson 24

Bede Rundle 25

David Lewis 26

Peter Unger 30

Steven Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow 39

5 Second Solution: No Explanation Needed 41

Editorial Introduction 41

Epicurus 46

David Hume 47

Fred Hoyle 49

W.B. Bonnor 51

Bertrand Russell and F.C. Copleston 53

Adolf Grünbaum 56

6 Third Solution: Chance 71

Editorial Introduction 71

Alan H. Guth 77

Stephen Hawking 82

Alex Vilenkin 90

Martin Rees 98

Peter van Inwagen 98

7 Fourth Solution: Value/Perfection as Ultimate 101

Editorial Introduction 101

Plato 109

Aristotle 110

Plotinus 111

St. Thomas Aquinas 112

St. Anselm 113

René Descartes 114

Alvin Plantinga 115

Benedict Spinoza 118

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 119

G.W.F. Hegel 122

A.C. Ewing 123

Keith Ward 125

John Polkinghorne 125

John Leslie 126

8 Fifth Solution: Mind/Consciousness as Ultimate 142

Editorial Introduction 142

Richard Swinburne 147

Timothy O’Connor 153

William Lane Craig 155

Sayyed Hossein Nasr 159

Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama XIV 160

Andrei Linde 161

Paul Davies 163

9 Fine-Tuning and Multiple Universes 171

Editorial Introduction 171

John Polkinghorne 178

Leonard Susskind 189

Steven Weinberg 192

Max Tegmark 194

Robin A. Collins 207

10 The Problem Seems Genuine 211

Editorial Introduction 211

Derek Parfit 220

Robert Nozick 238

Robert Lawrence Kuhn 246

Michael Heller 278

Nicholas Rescher 284

Bibliography and Further Reading 289

Index of Names 310

Index of Concepts 313

John Leslie is University Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Guelph, Canada, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Robert Lawrence Kuhn is a public intellectual and the creator and host of Closer To Truth, the long-running PBS / public television series on science and philosophy.