Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Volume 5A

This volume (Parts A and B) contains edited papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation held at the Fort Magruder Inn, Williamsburg, Virginia, June 23-28, 1985. The Review was organized and sponsored by the Center for NDE at Iowa State University and the Ames Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, in cooperation with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, USDOE, and the Materials Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. In addition, the NASA-Langley Research Center and the College of William and Mary provided valuable assistance with local arrangements. Approximately 340 attendees, representing various government agencies, industry, and universities, participated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions. The interchange of technical information in NDE research and engineering represented by this Review is certainly one of the most comprehensive in the field. In order to present the reader with a more useful document, we have chosen to organize the symposium papers in these Proceedings by subject rather than by the order of presentation at the Review. This arrangement has been realized by selecting topical subject headings many are new or revised for this year -- under which the large majority of papers would reasonably fall. These categories cover a broad spectrum of research in NDE and encompass activities from fundamental work to early engineering applications. The following paragraphs capsulize some of the research presented in these Proceedings.

Microfocus X-Ray Technology-A Review of Developments and Application.- Elastic Wave Scattering Methods: Assessments and Suggestions.- Ultrasonic Imaging and the Long Wavelength Phase.- Scattering of Elastic Waves by Small Surface-Breaking or Subsurface Cracks in Three Dimensions.- Elastic Wave Scattering from an Interface Crack in a Layered Half Space Under Water.- Scattering of Plane Waves By a Partially Closed Crack.- Developments in the Finite Element Modeling of Ultrasonic NDT Phenomena.- Numerical Calculations of Ultrasonic Field/Crack Interactions.- Reflection and Transmission by an Array of Spherical Voids in an Elastic Solid.- Ultrasonic Detection and Characterization of Microspherical Defects in Model Ceramics.- Backscattering of Acoustic Signals from Inhomogeneities in Solids.- A Model for the Effects of Aberrations on Refracted Ultrasonic Fields.- Evaluation of Ultrasonic Beam Models for the Case of A Piston Transducer Radiating Through a Liquid-Solid Interface.- Separation of Spatial and Temporal Effects in an Ultrasonic Transducer.- Improved Ultrasonic Methods for Gas Turbine NDE.- Eddy Current Field Theory for a Flawed Conducting Half-Space.- Performance of Large Scale Finite Element Eddy Current and Ultrasonic Models on a Vector Computer.- Uniform Interrogating Field Eddy Current Technique and its Application.- Application of Uniform Field Eddy Current Technique to 3-D EDM Notches and Fatigue Cracks.- A Model of Pulsed Eddy Current Crack Detection.- Pulsed Eddy-Current Crack-Characterization Experiments.- An Assessment of Factors That Influence the Skin Depth in A.C.F.M. Crack Sizing.- On the Accuracy of A.C. Flux Leakage, Eddy Current, EMAT and Ultrasonic Methods of Measuring Surface Connecting Flaws in Seamless Steel Tubing.- Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Eddy Current Inspection of Pipes with Arbitrary Position of Sensor Coils.- Fourier Descriptor Classification of Magnetite Buildup in PWR Steam Generators.- Measurement of the Induced Magnetic Field in a Flawed Tube.- Modeling of the Leakage Induction Field Through Notches at Saturation.- Surface Distributions for Eddy Current Probes.- Acoustic Emission: Nature’s Ultrasound.- Thermal Wave Scattering.- Fundamental Limitations in Inverse Source and Scattering Problems in NDE.- The Parametric Inverse Problem in Transient Scattering.- Deterministic Source Inversion for Wave Propagation Problems in Nondestructive Testing.- Three Dimensional Inverse Scattering for the Classical Wave Equation with Variable Speed.- A Perturbation Method for Inverse Scattering in Three-Dimensions Based on. the Exact Inverse Scattering Equations.- A Flaw Sizing Method Using the Zeroes in the Ultrasonic Scattering Amplitude.- Ultrasonic Crack Characterization: A Constrained Inversion Algorithm.- A Discussion of the Inverse Problem in Electromagnetic NDT.- Semi-Elliptical Surface Flaw EC Interaction and Inversion: Theory.- Semi-Elliptical Surface Flaw EC Interaction and Invers ion: Experiment.- The A.C.F.M. Technique: Recent Advances in Crack Depth Measurement.- A Multifrequency Algorithm for Inverting Eddy-Current Data and Reconstructing Three-Dimensional Anomalies in Graphite-Epoxy.- Information Extraction from Multivariate Images.- Thermal Wave Physics in NDE.- Contrast Mechanisms in the Thermoacoustic Microscope.- Imaging of Mechanically Induced Thermal Heat Patterns.- Ion-Acoustic Imaging of Surface Flaws in Aluminum.- Imaging of Electromagnetic NDT Phenomena.- Image Enhancement via Extrapolation Techniques: A Two Dimensional Iterative Scheme a Direct Matrix Inversion Scheme.- The Effects of Surface Roughness on Subsurface Defect Detection Using Acoustic Microscopy.- Practical Experiences with LSAFT.- Imaging of Subsurface Artifacts with the Analytic Signal.- Reconstruction of Defect Geometries in Ultrasonic NDT.- Reconstruction of the Geometry of a Surface-Breaking Crack.- The Effects of Flaw Orientation and Finite Aperture on Model Based Reconstruction Using Multiprobe Transducers.- 3-Dimensional Flaw Characterization Through 2-Dimensional Image Reconstruction.- 3-D X-Ray Computed Tomography.- Deep Thermoacoustic Imaging Using Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy.- Integrated Sensors: An Interdisciplinary Challenge.- Wideband Non-Contacting Ultrasonic Transducer.- The Development and Characterization of Magnetostrictive Transducers.- High Frequency Transducer Development for Ultrasonic Tests on Ceramic Components.- Recent Results in Nondestructive Testing with Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Transducers.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics.- Acoustic Microscopy Applied to Resonator Characterization.- Ultrasonic Sensors to Measure Internal Temperature Distribution.- Sensitive Laser Interferometer for Acoustic Emission and Ultrasonic NDE.- Noncontact Material Testing Using Low-Energy Optical Generation and Detection of Acoustic Pulses.- Fiber Acoustic Waveguide: A Sensor Candidate.- Electromagnetic Sensor Arrays—Theoretical Studies.- Electromagnetic Sensor Arrays—Experimental Studies.- Defect Detection with a SQUID Magnetometer.- Mapping of Eddy Current Probe Fields.- Nondestructive Evaluation and Materials Characterization Using Photothermal-Optical-Beam-Deflection Imaging.- Application of Gel Electrode to Fatigue Testing of Aluminum Components.- Deconvolution for Acoustic Emission.- An Examination of the Application of Weiner Filtering to Ultrasonic Scattering Amplitude Estimation.- Evaluation of Signal Processing Schemes in Ultrasonic Grain Size Estimation.- New Approaches to Ultrasonic Flaw Classification Using Signal Processing, Modeling, and Artificial Intelligence Concepts.- Time and Frequency Domain Measurements of Materials with High Ultrasonic Attenuation Using Time Delay Spectroscopy.- Energy Shadowing Correction of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Records by Digital Signal Processing.- Ultrasonic Inspection of Partially Completed Welds Using Pattern Recognition Techniques.- Application of Digital Pulse Shaping by Least Squares Method to Ultrasonic Signals in Composites.- A Computer-Aided Nondestructive Inspection System.- Computerized Ultrasonic Test Inspection Enhancement System for Aircraft Components.- High Frequency Ultrasonic Equipment for Detection of Submillimeter Flaws.- XIM: X-Ray Inspection Module for Automatic High Speed Inspection of Turbine Blades and Automated Flaw Detection and Classification.- Micro-Computer Based Digital Image Processing System for Real-Time Radiography.- High-Spatial-Resolution Computed Tomography for Thin Annular Geometries.- An Automatic Control and Data Logging System for the Determination of Magnetic Properties of Materials for Nondestructive Evaluation.- Weak Bond Screening System.- A Non-Contact Method for Automated Inspection of Nonconductive Coatings on Metallic Substrates.- Optimizing Ultrasonic Signal Responses of Production Nondestructive Testing System.- Manufacturing Technology for Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) System to Implement Retirement for Cause (RFC) Procedures for Gas Turbine Engine Components.- Evaluation of Captured Water Column Technology for Advanced Ultrasonic Sizing Techniques.- RFC Eddy Current Probe Tests.- RFC Automated Inspection Overhead.- Use of Models to Predict Ultrasonic NDE Reliability.- Predictive Models and Reliability Improvement in Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation.- Estimating Probability of Detection for Subsurface Ultrasonic Inspection.- The Influence of Calibration and Acceptance Criteria on Crack Detection and Discrimination by Eddy Current Techniques.- Integration of Analytical Techniques into NDE Implementation and Management.- Reliability in Electronics.- Review of the Accurate Determination of Oxygen in Silicon.- Measurement of Electronic Effects in Semiconductors.- Solid/Solid Interface Thermal Conduction.- Defect Mapping in Semiconductors and Metal Films Using Laser-Induced Thermoreflectance.- X-Ray Diffraction Tools and Techniques for Solid State Devices.- Modeling the Curing Process of Thermosetting Resin Matrix Composites.- Advanced Concepts in the Control of Autoclave Cure of Composites.- Dynamic Dielectric Analysis: A Nondestructive Cure Process Monitoring Method.- Microdielectric Sensors for Cure Control and Materials Evaluation.- Application of Spectral Analysis Technique for the Study of Curing Reactions in Epoxy Resins.- Measurement of the Degree of Cure in Epoxies with Ultrasonic Velocity.- Acoustic Characterization of Composite Cure.- Ultrasonic Investigation of Elastic Anisotropy in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Injection Moulded Components.- Surface Generation and Detection of Coupled Fiber-Matrix Mode Acoustic Wave Propagation in Fiber-Reinforced Composites.- Leaky Lamb Waves in Fibrous Composites Laminates.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Materials Using Acoustic Microscopy.- Evaluation of Damage in Composite Materials by Means of Internal Friction and Young ’ s Modulus.- A Model for Eddy-Current Interactions with Advanced Composites.- Probe Properties Affecting the Eddy Current NDI of Graphite Epoxy.- Quantitative Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Composites.- Quantitative Thermal Characterization of Thin Plates.- Nondestructive Evaluation of a Carbon Fiber Composite Using the Mirage Effect.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Materials by Pulsed Time Domain Methods in Imbedded Optical Fibers.- Some Ultrasonic Characteristics of Silicon Carbide Whisker and Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Composites.- Application of Noncontacting Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATS) for the Characterization of the Temperature Dependent Elastic Properties of Gr/Al Metal Matrix Composites.- Electrical Conductivity in Heat Treated Aluminum Alloys Reinforced with Discontinuous Silicon Carbide Whiskers.- Backscattering from Flaw Distributions in Composite Materials.- Backscatter B-Scan Images of Defects in Composites.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Laminates by Leaky Lamb Waves.- Detection of Fiber Damage in a Graphite Epoxy Composite Using Current Injection and Magnetic Field Mapping.- Hidden Impact Damage in Thick Composites.- Correlation of Ultrasonic Polar Backscatter with the Deply Technique for Assessment of Impact Damage in Composite Laminates.- Correlation of the Deply Technique with Ultrasonic Imaging of Impact Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Composites.- Thermographic NDE of Impact-Induced Damage in Fiber Composite Laminates.- Nondestructive Inspection of Composite Structures by Low-Velocity Impact.- Production of Controlled Porosity Specimens for Ultrasonic Evaluation of Composite Structures.- Effects of Porosity on Polar Backscatter from Fiber Reinforced Composites.- Variations in Ultrasonic Backscatter Attributed to Porosity.- Elastic Wave Propagation Through the Interface Between Two Generally Anisotropic Materials.- An Application of the Rayleigh Wave to the Study of Metal-Electrolyte Interface.- Interface Properties Characterization by Interface and Lamb Waves.- Ultrasonic Analysis of Thin Adhesive Bonds.- Ultrasonic Verification of Microstructural Changes Due to Heat Treatment.- Morphological Investigation of Ultrasonic Techniques for Materials Evaluation.- Microstructural Characterization of Polycrystalline Nickel Using Magnetic NDE Methods.- Acoustic Emission: An NDE Technique for Characterizing the Martensitic Transformation.- Ultrasonic Backscatter and Attenuation in Consolidated RSP Powder.- Measurement of the Coherent Scattering Contribution to the Ultrasonic Attenuation in Penetrable Media.- Internal Friction Method for NDE of New Ceramics.- Mirage Effect Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity.- Determination of Electrical Conductivity Profiles from Frequency-Sweep Eddy Current Measurements.- NDT of Nylon Ropes Using Magnetic Resonance Techniques.- The Acoustoelastic Response of an Aluminum Plate During Elastic-Plastic Deformation.- Rayleigh Wave Propagation in Deformed Orthotropic Materials.- Surface Waves in Anisotropic Materials.- Absolute Acoustoelastic Measurements of Stress in Textured Plate with Arbitrary Stress Orientations.- Acoustoelastic Constants in Dilute Two-Phase Alloys.- Influence of Shear Stresses on the Velocities of Ultrasonic Compressive and Shear Waves.- Absolute Ultrasonic Determination of Stresses in Aluminum Alloys.- Ultrasonic Techniques for Residual Stress Measurement in Thin Welded Aluminum Alloy Plates.- Measurements of Internal Stress Using Magnetomechanical Damping in the Rayleigh Region.- Magnetoacoustic Stress Measurement in Railroad Rail Steel.- Effect of Texture on Magnetoacoustic Stress Measurement in Steel.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Machining Damage in Ceramics.- An Assessment of Various Methods Which Detect Critical Surface Flaws in Sintered SiC.- Thermal Wave Studies of Coatings and Coated Materials.- Eddy Current Nondestructive Evaluation of Laser Glazed Metallic Surfaces.- Enhanced Castings by the Use of Ultrasonics.- Nondestructive Evaluation of Corroded Needles by Mirage Effect.- Electromagnetic Methods to Detect Corrosion in Aircraft Structures.- An Ultrasonic Method of Detecting the Behavior of Dislocations at High Rates of Strain.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Plastic Deformation in Metals.- Acoustic Emission Source Characterization of Microcracking in A533B Steel.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Fatigue Cracks.- Ultrasonic Studies of Load Induced Changes in Fatigue Crack Closure.- Detection of Fatigue Cracks in Cladded Blocks.- Effects of Pore Shapes on Low Frequency Wave Speeds in Porous Media.- Kramers-Kronig Relations and the Ultrasonic Characterization of Porosity.- Gas Porosity Evaluation in Cast Aluminum Alloys.- Evaluation of Porosity in Aluminum Alloy Castings by Single-Sided Access Ultrasonic Backscatter.- Relative Effects of Porosity and Grain Size on Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Iron Compacts.- Detection of Voids in Plastic Concrete in Roadways.- Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Tube Closure Welds.- Immersion Ultrasonic NDE of Tubing Pinch Welds.- Ultrasonic Analysis of Inertia Welds.- UT of Austenitic Welds and Cladding Using Electromagnetically Excited SH-Waves.- Elastic Ray Tracing to Measure the Integrity of Complex Welded Structures.- Sizing Planar Flaws in Weldments Using Low-Frequency EMATS.- Electric Current Perturbation Method for Inspection of Aluminum Welds.- Federal Science Policy and Industrial Competitiveness.- Commercialization of Technology: Considerations for Successful Transfer.- Technology Transfer: An Entrepreneur’s Perspective.- University Efforts in the Technology Transfer Process.- NDE Technology Transfer in Primary Metals—A Case Study.- NDE Technology Transfer Within the U.S. DOE Weapons Complex.- Transition and Transfer of Technology—Panel Session Discussions: A Summary.- Attendees.- Contributors.- Contributors Index.