Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation

This volume (Parts A and B) contains the edited papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quan?itative Nondestructive Evalua­ tion held at the University of California (San Diego) in LaJo11a, August 3-8, 1986. The Review was organized and sponsored by the Center for NDE at Iowa State University and the Ames Laboratory, in cooperation with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, USDOE, and the Materia1s Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Approximately 400 attendees, a new record, representing various government agencies, industry, and universities participated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions. This Review, with its wide-ranging interchange of technical information, stands as one of the most compre­ hensive in the field of NDE research and engineering. In order to present the reader with a more usefu1 document, we have organized the symposium papers in these Proceedings by subject rather than by the order of presentation at the Review. Topical subject headings have been selected under which the 1arge majority of papers wou1d reasonably falI. Here, again, we have revised the format used in former years to accommodate an evolving focus of interest in the field. These categories cover a broad spectrum of research in NDE and encompass activities from fundamental work to early engineering applications. In the following paragraphs we offer a brief summary of the research presented in these Proceedings.

Volume 6A.- Keynote Address.- Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Based Systems: Origins, Methods and Opportunities for NDE.- 1: Generic Techniques--Fundamentals Section A: Ultrasonics.- UK Developments in Theoritical Modeling for Ultrasonic NDT.- On the Direct and Inverse Elastic Wave Scattering Problem to Characterize Damage in Materials.- Time Dependent Pulse Propagation and Scattering in Elastic Solids: An Asymptotic Theory.- Ultrasonic Surface and Bulk Wave Interaction with Fluid-Saturated Porous Solids.- Interactive Diffraction of a Plane Longitudinal Wave by a Pair of Coplanar Central Cracks in an Elastic Solid.- Ultrasonic Scattering by Planar and Non-Planar Cracks.- Acoustic Wave Scattering from a Circular Crack: Comparison of Different Computational Methods.- 3-D Modeling of Ultrasonic Scattering from Inter-Granular Stress Corrosion Cracks.- Application of Models for IGSCC Inspection.- Plate Modes Generated by Emats for NDE of Planar Flaws.- Reflection of Bounded Acoustic Beams from a Layered Solid.- Application of Forward and Inverse Scattering Models for Ultrasonic Waves in Complex Layered Structures.- Finite Element Studies of Transient Wave Propagation.- Modeling Ultrasonic Waves Using Finite Difference Methods.- Section B: Eddy Current.- Eddy Current Response to Three-Dimensional Flaws by the Boundary Element Method.- On Boundary Integral Equation Method for Field Distribution Under Cracked Metal Surface.- Applications of the Volume Integral Technique to Modeling Impedance Changes due to Surface Cracks.- Eddy Current Induction by a Coil Near a Conducting Edge in 2D.- 3-D Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing Modeling for Surface Flaws.- Eddy-Current Probe Interaction with Subsurface Cracks.- Recent Studies in Modeling for the A. C. Field Measurement Technique.- Three Dimensional Finite Element Modeling.- A Computational Model for Electromagnetic Interactions with Advanced Composites.- Section C: Thermal Waves.- Fundamentals of Thermal Wave Physics..- Classical and Quantum Mechanical Aspects of Thermal Wave Physics.- Temporal Behavior of Modulated Reflectance Signal in Silicon.- Modulated Reflectance Measurement of Reactive-Ion and Plasma Etch Damage in Silicon Wafers.- Picosecond Transient Thermoreflectances Time-Resolved Studies of Thin Film Thermal Transport.- Probing Through the Gas-Solid Interface with Thermal Wavess A Study of the Temperature Distribution in the Gas and in the Solid.- Reflection-Mirage Measurements of Thermal Diffusitivity.- Coating Thickness Determination Using Time Dependent Surface Temperature Measurements.- Nondestructive Characterization of Coatings on Metal Alloys.- Thermal Wave Techniques for Imaging and Characterization of Materials.- Section D: Acoustic Emission.- Numerical Calculations of Acoustic Emission.- Point-Source/Point-Receiver Materials Testing.- Thermally Induced Acoustic Emission in Homogeneous Metals and Composites.- Internal Monitoring of Acoustic Emission in Graphite-Epoxy Composites Using Imbedded Optical Fiber Sensors.- Application of Pattern Recognition Techniques to Acoustic Emission from Steel and Aluminum.- Digital Acquisition and Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals for Crack Site Initiation Studies.- Effect of Temperature and Heat Treatment on Crack Growth Acoustic Emission in 7075 Aluminum.- A Semi-Adaptive Approach to In-Flight Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission.- Real-Time Aircraft Structural Monitoring Using Acoustic Emission.- Section E: X-Ray, CT, and NMR.- Quantitative Analysis of Real-Time Radiographic Systems.- Spatial Resolution of Linear Array Xenon Ionization Chamber X-Ray Detectors.- Engineering Tomography: A Quantitative NDE Tool.- A Linearization of Beam-Hardening Correction Method for X-Ray Computed Tomographic Imaging of Structural Ceramics.- Photon CT Scanning of Advanced Ceramic Materials.- Applications of Film Tomography Technique for QNDE.- NDE of Polymer Composites Using Magnetic Resonance Techniques.- Proton NMR Imaging of Green State Ceramics.- Section F: Other Techniques.- Optical Generation of Coherent Ultrahigh Frequency Surface Waves…..- Use of a Chirp Waveform in Pulsed Eddy Current Crack Detection.- A New Method for the Measurement of Ultrasonic Absorption in Polycrystalline Materials.- A Single Transducer Broadband Technique for Leaky Lamb Wave Detection.- Simultaneous Measurements of Ultrasonic Phase Velocity and Attenuation in Solids.- 2: Imaging, Microscopy, Inversion and Reconstruction Section A: Imaging and Microscopy.- Shear Wave Imaging of Surface and Near-Surface Flaws in Ceramics.- A Real-Time SAFT System Applied to the Ultrasonic Inspection of Nuclear Reactor Components.- On the Ultrasonic Imaging of Tube/Support Structure of Power Plant Steam Generators.- Eddy Current Imaging for Material Surface Mapping.- Imaging of Advanced Composites with a Low-Frequency Acoustic Microscope.- Acoustic Microscopy Using Amplitude and Phase Measurements.- Acoustic Microscopy: Materials Art and Materials Science.- Section B: Inversion and Reconstruction.- Ultrasonic Inversion: A Direct and an Indirect Method.- Imaging of Flaws in Solids by Velocity Inversion.- Characterization of Flaw Shape and Orientation Using Ultrasonic Angular Scans.- Reconstruction of the Electromagnetic Wavefield from Scattering Data.- Uniform Field Eddy Current Probe: Experiments and Inversion for Realistic Flaws.- Inversion of Eddy Current Data and the Reconstruction of Flaws Part Is Acquisition of Data.- Inversion of Eddy Current Data and the Reconstruction of Flaws Part 2: Inversion of Data.- 3: Sensors and Probes Section A: Ultrasonics.- A Pulsed Laser/Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer Approach to Ultrasonic Sensor Needs for Steel Processing.- Development and Comparison of Beam Models for Two-Media Ultrasonic Inspection.- Transducer Models for the Finite Element Simulation of Ultrasonic NDT Phenomena.- Transducer Radiation Modeling for Ultrasonic Inspection Purposes.- Technique for Generation of Unipolar Ultrasonic Pulses.- Acoustic Transducers and Lens Design for Acoustic Microscopy.- Section B: Electromagnetics.- Field Mapping and Performance Characterization of Commercial Eddy Current Probes.- Design and Characterization of Uniform Field Eddy Current Probes.- Assessment of Eddy Current Probe Interactions with Defect Geometry and Operating Parameter Variations.- Effects of Shielding on Properties of Eddy Current Probes with Ferrite Cup Cores.- Pickup Coil Spacing Effects on Eddy Current Reflection Probe Sensitivity.- Eddy Current Probe Performance Variability.- Capacitive Arrays for Robotic Sensing.- Inductive Sensor Arrays for NDE and Robotics.- Optical Range Finder.- The Effect of Oxygen on the Ion-Acoustic Signal Generation Process.- 4: Image Analysis, Signal Processing and AI Section A; Image Analysis and Signal Processing.- Application of Additive Regional Kaiman Filtering to X-Ray Images in NDE.- An Image Segmentation Algorithm for Nonfilm Radiography.- Applications of Digital Image Enhancement Techniques for Improved Ultrasonic Imaging of Defects in Composite Materials.- An Improved Defect Classification Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Set Theory.- Frequency-Modulated (FM) Time Delay-Domain Thermal Wave Techniques, Instrumentation and Detection: A Review of the Emerging State of the Art in QNDE Applications.- An APriori Knowledge Based Wiener Filtering Approach to Ultrasonic Scattering Amplitude Estimation.- Signal Processing of Leaky Lamb Wave Data for Defect Imaging in Composite Laminates.- A Highly Interactive System for Processing Large Volumes of Ultrasonic Testing Data.- Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Using a Time Shifted Moving Average.- An Update on Automatic Positioning, Inspection, and Signal Processing Techniques in the RFC/NDE Inspection System.- Multiparameter Methods with Pulsed Eddy Currents.- An Efficient Technique for Storing Eddy Current Signals.- Section B: Artificial Intelligence.- Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Detection and Interpretation of Ultrasonic Test Signals.- An Expert System for Ultrasonic Materials Characterization and NDE.- Development of an Expert System for Ultrasonic Flaw Classification.- SIIA: A Knowledge-Based Assistant for the SAFT Ultrasonic Inspection System.- An AI Approach to the Eddy Current Defect Characterization Problem.- 5: NDE Systems and Reliability Section A: System Design and Performance.- Design and Operation of a Dual-Bridge Ultrasonic Inspection System for Composite Materials.- Using a Squirter to Perform Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Inspections of Gas Turbine Engine Components: The Pros and Cons.- An Apparatus for the Automated Nondestructive Testing of Electro-Explosive Devices Using the Electrothermal Transient Technique.- An Automated Real-Time Imaging System for Inspection of Composite Structures in Aircraft.- System of Inspection Assisted by Microprocessor.- A Semi-Automatic System for the Ultrasonic Measurement of Texture.- Section B: System Reliability.- Model-Based Ultrasonic NDE System Qualification Methodology.- Crack Sizing by the Time-of-Flight Diffraction Method, in the Light of Recent International Round-Robin Trials, (UKAEA, DDT and PISC II).- Results of the Phase I Reliability Test on the RFC/NDE Eddy Current Station.- Analysis of the RFC/NDE System Performance Evaluation Experiments.- Application of the RFC/NDE System Testing Results.- Status of Advanced UT Systems for the Nuclear Industry.- The Detection of Cracks Under Installed Fasteners by Means of a Scanning Eddy-Current Method.- Real Defects for Verification of Ultrasonic Testing Models.- Volume 6B.- 6: Advanced Composites Section A: Properties.- Toughness and Flaw Responses in Nontransforming Ceramics: Implications for NDE.- NDE of Fiber and Whisker Reinforced Ceramics.- Continuum Modeling of Ultrasonic Behavior in Fluid-Loaded Fibrous Composite Media with Applications to Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites.- Multiparameter Ultrasonic Evaluation of Ceramic Matrix Composites.- Detection of Ultrasonic Waves Propagating in Boron/Aluminum and Steel/Lucite Composite Materials.- Interface Effects on Attenuation and Phase Velocities in Metal-Matrix Composites.- Ultrasonic Dispersion in Fluid-Coupled Composite Plates.- Measurement of Ultrasonic Wavespeeds in Off-Axis Directions of Composite Materials.- Effects of Reflection and Refraction of Ultrasonic Waves on the Angle Beam Inspection of Anisotropic Composite Material.- Evaluation of Anisotropic Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Composites Using Lamb Waves.- Acoustic Wave Reflection from Water/Laminated Composite Interfaces.- Guided Interface Waves.- Section B: Defects.- Analytical Treatment of Polar Backscattering.- Porosity Characterization in Fiber-Reinforced Composites by use of Ultrasonic Backscatter.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Porosity in Composite Materials by Time Delay Spectrometry.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Cylindrical Porosity — A Model Study.- A Morphological Study of Porosity Defects in Graphite-Epoxy Composites.- Evaluation of Porosity in Graphite-Epoxy Composite by Frequency Dependence of Ultrasonic Attenuation.- Defect and Damage Characterization in Composite Materials.- Characterization of Impact Damage in Composites.- Ultrasonic Techniques to Produce Damage Profiles Through the Thickness of a Sample.- Estimating Residual Strength in Filament Wound Casings from Nondestructive Evaluation of Impact Damage.- Photoacoustic Microscopy of Ceramics Using Laser Heterodyne Detection.- Imbedded Optical Fiber Sensor of Differential Strain in Composites.- Ultrasonic Signal Analysis of Composite Structures Using the Entire Waveform.- Section C: Processing.- Processing of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites.- Dynamic Viscosity Measurements of Fluids Employing Resonance Characteristics of Piezoelectric Element Vibrating in the Shear Mode.- Nondestructive Evaluation of the Curing of Resin and Prepreg Using an Acoustic Waveguide Sensor.- Process Monitoring of Polymer Matrix Composites Using Fluorescence Probes.- Dynamic Dielectric Analysis for Nondestructive Cure Monitoring and Process Control.- 7: Electronic Materials and Devices Section A: Electronic Materials and Devices.- Atomic Force Microscopy: General Principles and a New Implementation.- Scanning Differential Contrast Microscopy.- Nondestructive Submicron Dimensional Metrology Using the Scanning Electron Microscope.- Thermal and Plasma Waves in Semiconductors.- Thermal Wave Characterization of Coated Surfaces.- Nondestructive Characterization of Polishing Damage in Silicon Wafers Using Modulated Reflectance Mapping.- Measurement of Semiconductor Transport Properties Using Scanned Modulated Reflectance.- Room Temperature Photo-Luminescence Imaging of Dislocations in GaAs Wafers.- 8: Materials Characterization Section A: Properties.- Applications of NDE to the Processing of Metals.- NDE Methods for Determination of Thermal History and Mechanical Properties of Al-Li Alloys.- Nondestructive Characterization of Aluminum Alloys.- Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurement by Backscattering Analysis.- The Effect of Nonspherical Pores and Multiple Scattering on the Ultrasonic Characterization of Porosity.- Ultrasonic Reflection from Rough Surfaces in Water.- Surface Roughness Effects in Porosity Assessment by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectroscopy.- Ultrasonic NDE of Green-State Ceramics by Focused through Transmission.- The Influence of High Temperature Creep on the Ultrasonic Velocity in Alloy 800H.- Ultrasonic Determination of Recrystallization.- Materials Characterization by Ultrasonic Attenuation Spectral Analysis.- Radiographic Detection of 100 A Thickness Variations in 1-um-Thick Coatings on Submillimeter-Diameter Laser Fusion Targets.- Section B: Acoustoelasticity, Stress, and Texture.- A Comparison of Predictions and Measurements of the Acoustoelastic Response of a Textured Aggregate.- The Role of Texture Development and Dislocations in Acoustoelasticity During Plane Deformation.- The Use of Ultrasonics for Texture Monitoring in Aluminum Alloys.- Influence of Plate Wave Characteristics on the Angular Dependence of Ultrasonic Velocities.- Ultrasonic Separation of Stress and Texture Effects in Polycrystalline Aggregates.- Illustration of Texture with Ultrasonic Pole Figures.- An Ultrasonic Technique for Axial Bolt-Stress Determination.- Measurement of Thermal Stress in Railroad Rails Using Ultrasonic SH Waves.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Residual Stress and Texture in Cast Steel Railroad Wheels.- Ultrasonic Studies of Stresses and Plastic Deformation in Steel During Tension and Compression.- Uniaxial Stress Effects on the Low-Field Magnetoacoustic Interactions in Low and Medium Carbon Steels.- Section C: Cracks and Deformation.- Compressive Stress Effects on the Ultrasonic Detection of Cracks in Welds.- Determining Crack Tip Shielding by Means of Acoustic Transmission and Diffraction Measurements.- Ultrasonic Attenuation as a Trace of Growth of Fatigue Crack in Steels.- Resolution of Closely-Spaced Machining-Damage-Induced Surface Cracks in Ceramics.- Evaluation of Strain-Induced Surface Changes by Optical Correlation.- NDE Positron Study of Cu and Cu-Al Alloys Thermally Charged with Hydrogen and Deformed.- Section D: Ferromagnetic Materials.- On-Line Inspection of Ferromagnetic Materials Using Magnetic NDE Methods.- Residual Leakage Field Modeling.- The Computation of Fields and Signals due to Ferrromagnetic Anomalies.- Magnetomechanical Effect in Iron and Nickel Polycrystals During Cyclic Loading.- Improved Interpretation of the Downhole Casing Inspection Logs for Two Strings of Pipes.- Investigation of the Microstructural Dependence of the Magnetic Properties of 4130 Alloy Steels and Carbon Steels for NDE.- Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation of Surface Decarburization on Steels: Feasibility and Possible Applications.- Section E: Weldments and Bonds.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Diffusion Bonds.- Origin of Spurious Ultrasonic Echoes in Stainless Steel Piping with Weld Overlay.- In-Process Ultrasonic Evaluation of Spot Weld Quality.- Ultrasonic Detection of Weld Bead Geometry..- Sizing Canted Flaws in Weldments Using Low-Frequency EMATS.- Ultrasonic NDE of Tubing Pinch Welds.- Ultrasonic Evaluation and Imaging of Tube Closure Welds.- NDE Characterization of Metallic Interfaces.- Ultrasonic NDE of Integrally Fabricated Turbine Rotors.- Thermal Wave Evaluation of Kapton-Laminated Copper Diffusion Bonds.- Inspection of Bonded Assemblies Using Roller-Type Ultrasonic Probes without Coupling Fluid.- An Ultrasonic F-Scan Inspection Technique for the Detection of Surface Preparation Variances in Adhesively Bonded Structures.- 9: Unified Life Cycle Engineering.- Unified Life Cycle Engineering: An Emerging Design Concept.- Discussion.- Discussion.- Attendees.- Contributors Index.