Public Places and Spaces, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1989 Human Behavior and Environment Series, Vol. 10

This tenth volume in the series addresses an important topic of research, de­ sign, and policy in the environment and behavior field. Public places and spaces include a sweeping array of settings, including urban streets, plazas and squares, malls, parks, and other locales, and natural settings such as aquatic environments, national parks and forests, and wilderness areas. The impor­ tance of public settings is highlighted by difficult questions of access, control, and management; unique needs and problems of different users (including women, the handicapped, and various ethnic groups); and the dramatic re­ shaping of our public environments that has occurred and will continue to occur in the foreseeable future. The wide-ranging scope of the topic of public places and spaces demands the attention of many disciplines and researchers, designers, managers, and policymakers. As in previous volumes in the series, the authors in the present volume come from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, research and design orientations, and affiliations. They have backgrounds in or are affiliated with such fields as architecture, geography, landscape architecture, natural re­ sources, psychology, sociology, and urban design. Many more disciplines ob­ viously contribute to our understanding and design of public places and spaces, so that the contributors to this volume reflect only a sample of the possibilities and present state of knowledge about public settings.

1 Transformation, Nostalgia, And Illusion In Public Life And Public Place.- Assumptions about Public Life and Public Environments.- About Public Life.- The Citizen of Affairs.- The Citizen of Commerce and Pleasure.- The Familiar Citizen.- Public Life and Public Places: A Panoramic Mini-History.- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Public and Private Realms.- Intrusions of the Public into the Private Realm.- Loss of Life in the Street.- Intrusions of the Private Realm into the Public One.- Loss of Categorical Distinctions between Government and Business.- Future Directions of Research, Design, and Policy.- References.- 2 Perception, Cognition, And Evaluation Of Urban Places.- Urban Public Places.- Cognitive and Esthetic Quality.- Urban Cognition.- Urban Esthetics.- Design/Planning Recommendations.- Future Directions of Research.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Farmers’ Markets As Community Events.- Benefits.- Functional Requirements.- Linkage to Other Open-Space Programs.- The Future of Farmers’ Markets.- Future Directions of Research.- References.- 4 Playgrounds At The Crossroads: Policy and Action Research Needed to Ensure A Viable Future forPublic Playgrounds in The United States.- Playground Research Findings.- Future Directions for Research and Policy in the Planning, Design, and Management of Public Playgrounds.- Appendix: Play Setting Research Recommendations.- References.- 5 Women and Urban PublicSpace: Research, Design, and Policy Issues.- Theoretical and Historical Overview.- Contemporary Context for Women’s Use of Public Space.- Conceptual Framework for Studying Women’s Use of Public Space.- Future Directions for Education, Policy, and Design.- Epilogue.- References.- 6 Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality.- Public Space and Urban Life.-The Changing Face of Public Space.- The Publics of Public Space.- Control as an Environmental Concept.- Control as a Psychological Construct.- Control as a Participation Concept.- Control of Public Space: A Definition and Conceptual Framework.- Control in the Public Landscape: The Example of Gardening.- Some Control Issues with Respect to Public Space.- Some Design and Management Opportunities for Increasing Control in Public Space.- Future Directions for Research and Design.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 The Emergence of Environment-Behavior Research in Zoological Parks.- Historical Context of Zoological Park Development.- The Contemporary Context of Zoological Parks.- Design and Environment-Behavior Relationships.- Future Directions of Research.- References.- 8 Urban Parks: Research, Planning, and Social Change.- The Context for Change.- Behavior-Based Trends in Park Planning.- Case Study: A Large Multiuse Urban Park.- Case Study: Lowell, Massachusetts, Urban Historical Park.- Future Directions for Design Research.- References.- 9 The Attractiveness and Use of Aquatic Environments as Outdoor Recreation Places.- Special Characteristics of Aquatic Environments That Frame the Transaction.- Characteristics of Participants Engaged in the Transaction.- Contextual Influences on Transactions.- Future Directions of Research.- References.- 10 Managing Parks as Human Ecosystems.- Key Assumptions.- The Roots of Human Ecology.- The Human Ecological Perspective.- The Human Ecology of Parks.- People as a Dominant in Parks.- Modeling Park Ecosystems to Include Humans.- Future Directions in Research.- Conclusion.- References.- 11 Solitude for the Multitudes: Managing Recreational Use in the Wilderness.- Historical Evolution of the Wilderness Concept.- The Dilemma of Wilderness Management.- A Generalized Model of Privacy and Crowding.- The Recreational Carrying Capacity Model.- Appropriate Levels of Others.- Appropriate Behavior of Others.- Crowding as Evidence of Others.- Future Directions for Practice, Policy, and Research.- Managing Crowding in Wilderness Settings.- Future Directions of Research.- References.