Proceedings of the 8th European Congress of Neurosurgery, Barcelona, September 6-11, 1987, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1988 Volume 2 Spinal Cord and Spine Pathologies Basic Research in Neurosurgery Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement Series, Vol. 43

With increasing demands for efficiency and product quality and progressing integration of automatic control systems in high-cost mechatronic and safety-critical processes, the field of supervision (or monitoring), fault detection and fault diagnosis plays an important role. The book gives an introduction into advanced methods of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD). After definitions of important terms, the reliability, availability, safety and systems integrity of technical processes is considered. Then fault-detection methods for single signals without models like limit and trend checking and with harmonic and stochastic models, like Fourier analysis, correlation and wavelets are treated. This is followed by fault detection with process models using the relationships between signals like parameter estimation, parity equations, observers and principal component analysis. The treated fault-diagnosis methods include classification methods from Bayes classification to neural networks with decision trees and inference methods from approximate reasoning with fuzzy logic to hybrid fuzzy-neuro systems.Especially for safety-critical processes fault-tolerant systems are required. Basic redundant structures like n-out-of-m systems, cold and hot standby are considered and ways to design fault-tolerant sensors, actuators and control systems are outlined.

VI. Spinal Cord and Spine Pathologies.- Microsurgical Treatment of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours.- Microsurgical Removal of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours: Report of 22 Cases.- Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging in the Management of Primary and Secondary Syringomyelic Cavities, and of Other Cystic Lesions of the Spinal Cord.- Syringomyelia: How MRI Aids Diagnosis and Management.- Operative Treatment of Chiari Malformation with Syringomyelia.- Pathological Findings in Suboccipital Decompression in 63 Patients with Syringomyelia.- Late Results of the Surgical Treatment of Syringomyelia.- Treatment of Syringomyelia by Syringo-peritoneal Shunt.- Chemonucleolysis or Discectomy? Results of a Randomized Multicentre Trial in Patients with a Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Disc.- Lumbar Microdiscectomy: Analysis of 100 Consecutive Cases. Its Pitfalls and Final Results.- Computed Tomography After Lumbar Disc Surgery: a Comparison Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients.- Transfacet Decompression with Dowel Fixation: a New Technique for Lumbar Lateral Spinal Stenosis.- Automated Percutaneous Nucleotomy—Initial Experience in Twenty-Five Cases of Contained Lumbar Disc Herniation.- Automated Percutaneous Discectomy: Preliminary Experience.- Atlas Fractures: Treatment and Long-term Results.- The Transoral Approach to the Anterior Superior Cervical Spine. A Review of 29 Cases.- Posterior Acrylic Surgical Fixation of Odontoid Fractures.- Realignment and Surgical Fixation of Atlanto-axial and Subaxial Dislocations in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients.- Prognosis and Treatment of Cervical Spine Injuries with Associated Head Trauma.- New Methods of Treatment of Severely Injured Sciatic Nerve and Spinal Cord. An Experimental Study.- Implanted Pump Systems for Treatment of Spasticity.- VII. Basic Research in Neurosurgery.- Ki-67 Immunoperoxidase Stain as Marker for the Histological Grading of Nervous System Tumours.- Glioma Biology in vitro: Goals and Concepts.- Gene Dosage Effect in Cells with Monosomy of Chromosome 22 Derived from Human Meningiomas.- The Effect of Type Beta Transforming Growth Factor on Proliferation of Clonogenic Cells from Human Gliomas.- Human Glioma Cell Lines: Tumour Associated Antigens Distribution and Sensitivity to Antibody-Toxin or Ligand-Toxin Conjugates. A Preliminary Report.- Ganglioside Content and Composition in Human Gliomas.- The Response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Glioma-Bearing Patients to Stimulation with Microbial Antigen and IL-2: Proliferation. and IFN-Gamma Production.- Immunological and Immunohistochemical Studies in Brain Tumours.- The Investigation of Experimental Brain Tumours Using 31P-MRS and 1H-MRI.- Glucocorticosteroid Treatment of Vasogenic Oedema.- Transplant-induced Recovery from 6-OHDA Lesions of the Nigrostriatal Dopamineneurones in Mice.- Possible Synapse Formation by Embryonic Cerebellar Tissue Grafted into the Cerebellum of the Weaver Mutant Mouse.- Intraventricular Transplantation of Omentum for Treatment of Hydrocephalus. An Experimental Study in Dogs.- Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Experimental Cerebral Ischaemia.- Intracellular Recordings from Neurones in Rat Cerebral Cortex During Hypoxia.- Pathophysiological Investigation of Experimental Cerebral Ischaemia Using in vivo 31P-NMR Spectroscopy and 1H-MRI.- Effect of Nimodipine on Mitochondrial Respiration in Different Rat Brain Areas After Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.- Pathomechanism of Brain Oedema in Experimental Intracerebral Mass Haemorrhage.- Regulation of Brain Water and Electrolyte Contents: the Opposite Actions of Central Vasopressin and Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF).- An Increment in Unilateral Carotid Blood Flow Produces Cerebral Aneurysms in Rats.- Occlusion of Experimental Artery Aneurysms by Intrasaccular Injection of Fibrin Sealant.- Local Pathological Findings in Experimental Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions Performed by Mechanical Section, Laser and Radiofrequency. A Comparative Study.- The Quality and Extension of Nerve Fibre Regeneration in the Centrocentral Anastomosis of the Peripheral Nerve.- Peripheral Nerve Autografts to the Rat Spinal Cord: a Study of the Origin of Regenerating Fibres Using Fluorescent Double Labelling.