Power Supply in Telecommunications (3° Éd., 3rd ed. 1995. Softcover reprint of the original 3rd ed. 1995)

An important part of any communication system is its power supply system. The smooth operation of all communications depends on the quality of the power supply and on the operational reliability of the increasingly complex equipment and devices used for this purpose.
This book describes current power supply technologies, it explains the circuit techniques using easy-to-understand examples and illustrations. Also covered are automatic control, grounding and protection techniques as well as the design of battery and grounding installations.
The book is conceived as a practical guide for those involved in planning installing, comissioning and servicing telecommunication systems, but it is also useful as an introduction to the subject.

1 General and Introduction.- 1.1 Functions and Requirements.- 1.2 Basic Types of Power Converter.- 1.3 Elements of a Power Converter.- 1.4 Energy Storage.- 1.5 Primary Power Sources.- 1.6 Power Supply Systems.- 1.6.1 Mains Supply and Standby Power Supply Systems.- 1.6.2 Mains Distribution Switchboards or Mains Switch Panels.- 1.6.3 Central Power Supply.- 1.6.4 Decentralized Power Supply.- 1.7 UPS Systems.- 1.8 Mains-independent Hybrid Power Supply Systems.- 1.9 Historical Review.- 2 Requirements of Telecommunications Systems on the Power Supply.- 2.1 D.C. Power Supplies.- 2.1.1 Level of the Direct Voltages.- 2.1.2 Tolerance for Direct Voltages.- 2.1.3 Purity of Direct Voltages.- 2.1.4 Filter Sections.- 2.1.5 Degree of Radio Interference and Limit Classes.- 2.1.6 Power Distribution System and Voltage Drops.- 2.1.7 Availability of the Power Supply.- 2.2 A.C. Power Supplies.- 3 Operating Modes of a Direct Current Power Supply System.- 3.1 Rectifier Mode.- 3.2 Battery (Charge-Discharge) Mode.- 3.3 Standby Parallel Mode.- 3.3.1 Standby Parallel Mode with Reducing Diodes (Counter electromotive Cells).- 3.3.2 Standby Parallel Mode with d.c./d.c. Converter.- 3.3.3 Standby Parallel Mode with Compensators for Additional and Counter Voltage.- 3.4 Changeover Mode.- 3.4.1 Changeover Mode with Battery Tap.- 3.4.2 Changeover Mode with Thyristor Contactor.- 3.5 Combined Standby Parallel and Changeover Mode with Compensator for Additional Voltage.- 3.6 Assignment of Operating Modes to Communications Systems.- 3.7 Further Modes.- 3.7.1 Changeover Mode with Voltage Gates.- 3.7.2 Parallel Mode with ‘Floating’ Charge Method.- 3.7.3 Parallel Mode with Reduced Number of Battery Cells and Compensator.- 3.7.4 Parallel Mode with End Cells.- 4 Operating Modes of an Alternating Current Power 1 s).- 4.2.2 Standby Power Supply Systems.- 4.2.3 A.C. Changeover Mode with Interruption (< 1 s).- 4.3 Uninterruptible a.c. Changeover Mode.- 4.3.1 Immediate Standby System.- 4.3.2 Uninterruptible Standby Power Supply System with Rotating Converter.- 4.3.3 Static Standby Power Supply Systems with Inverters Connected to Fail-safe d.c. Power Supplies and with Revert-to-mains Unit.- 4.3.4 Static Standby Power Supply Systems with Inverters Connected to Fail-safe d.c. Power Supplies and without Revert-to-mains Unit.- 4.3.5 Static Uninterruptible Standby Power Supply Systems.- 5 Public Mains.- 5.1 Type of Voltage.- 5.2 Tolerances of the a.c. Supply Voltage and Supply Frequency.- 5.3 Wave Shape and Distortion Factor of the a.c. Supply Voltage.- 5.3.1 Measures for Reducing Retroactive Effects on the Mains Supply.- 5.4 Power Failures.- 6 Energy Storage.- 6.1 Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.1.1 Requirements.- 6.1.2 Charging and Discharging.- 6.1.3 Open-Circuit Voltage.- 6.1.4 Rated Voltage.- 6.1.5 Discharging Voltage.- 6.1.6 Self-Discharging.- 6.1.7 Float (Trickle) Charging and Charging Voltage.- 6.1.8 Initial Charging Voltage (Commissioning).- 6.1.9 Capacity.- 6.1.10 Efficiency and Charging Factor.- 6.1.11 DIN Designation of Battery Type.- 6.1.12 Battery Design.- 6.1.13 Batteries with Tubular Positives.- 6.1.14 Batteries with Planté Plates (GroE).- 6.1.15 Comparison of Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.1.16 Vent Plugs.- 6.1.17 Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.2 Stationary Alkaline Batteries.- 6.2.1 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries in Telecommunications.- 6.3 Lithium Primary Batteries.- 6.4 Design Pointers.- 6.4.1 Standby Time (Backup Time).- 6.4.2 Number of Cells.- 6.4.3 Capacity.- 6.5 Maintenance.- 6.5.1 Surveillance of Vented Batteries.- 6.5.2 Surveillance of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.5.3 Battery Monitoring.- 6.5.4 A Statement of the Principle of Battery Service.- 6.5.5 Battery Inspections.- 6.5.6 Capacity Checks.- 6.6 Installation of Batteries.- 7 Basic Circuits and Process Control.- 7.1 Rectifier Circuits.- 7.1.1 Half-wave Rectifier.- 7.1.2 Centre-tap Circuit.- 7.1.3 Bridge Circuit.- 7.1.4 Three-phase Bridge Circuit.- 7.2 Stabilizing and Control Procedures.- 7.2.1 Pulse-Sequence Control.- 7.2.2 Pulse-Width Control.- 7.2.3 Phase Angle Control.- 7.2.4 Distribution and Design of Trigger Pulses.- 7.3 Rectifying with Stabilization.- 7.3.1 Semi-controlled Single-Phase Bridge Circuit.- 7.3.2 Fully-controlled Three-Phase Bridge Circuit.- 7.4 D.C./D.C. Conversion with Stabilization.- 7.4.1 D.C. Controller Circuit.- 7.5 Inverting with Stabilization.- 7.5.1 Centre-tap Circuit.- 8 Applications of Control Systems in Power Supply Devices.- 8.1 General.- 8.2 The Operation of Open- and Closed-loop Control Systems.- 8.3 Components of the Closed-loop Control System.- 8.3.1 Final Control Element.- 8.3.2 Controlled Object.- 8.3.3 Control Equipment.- 8.4 Operational Amplifiers in the Regulator.- 8.4.1 Error and Deviation.- 8.4.2 Classification of Regulators.- 8.5 Controlled Rectifiers with Thyristor Power Section.- 8.5.1 Power Section.- 8.5.2 Control Section.- 8.5.3 Behaviour of the Output Voltage and Dynamic Response.- 8.5.4 Type Designation.- 8.6 Controlled Power Supply Equipment with Transistor Power Section.- 8.6.1 Rectifiers with Linear Regulators.- 8.6.2 Rectifiers with Switching Regulators.- 8.6.3 Switching-mode Power Supplies.- 8.6.4 D.C./D.C. Converters.- 8.6.5 Pulse Inverters.- 9 Switching Mode Power Supplies.- 9.1 Type 48 V/12 A (60 V/10 A).- 9.1.1 General and Application.- 9.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.1.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 9.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V/12A (60 V/10 A).- 9.1.5 Technical Data.- 9.2 Type 48 V (60 V)/30 A and 100 A.- 9.2.1 General and Application.- 9.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.2.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 9.2.4 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V (60 V)/30 A and 100 A.- 9.2.5 Technical Data.- 9.3 Type 48 V/120 A (60 V/100 A).- 9.3.1 General and Application.- 9.3.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.3.3 Survey Diagrams of the Power Supply System 400.- 9.3.4 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V/120 A (60 V/100 A).- 9.3.5 Technical Data.- 9.4 Type 48 V (60 V, 67 V)/50 A and 100 A.- 9.4.1 General and Application.- 9.4.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.4.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 9.4.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V (60 V, 67 V)/50 A and 100 A.- 9.4.5 Technical Data.- 9.5 Power Supply Controller.- 10 Thyristor Controlled Rectifiers.- 10.1 Type 48 V (60 V)/200 A.- 10.1.1 General and Application.- 10.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 10.1.3 Survey Diagrams of the Power Supply System.- 10.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Unit 48 V (60 V)/200 A.- 10.2 Type 48 V (60 V)/1000 A.- 10.2.1 General and Application.- 10.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 10.2.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 10.2.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Unit 48 V (60 V)/1000 A.- 10.3 Assemblies.- 10.3.1 Regulation Module A3.- 10.3.2 Control Module A9.- 10.3.3 Trigger-Pulse Transformer Module All (A21).- 10.3.4 Battery- and Thermo Disconnection Module A16.- 10.3.5 12-Pulse-Regulation Module A23.- 10.4 Technical Data.- 11 Magnetically Controlled Rectifiers.- 11.1 Types 24 V to 220 V/10 A to 400 A.- 11.1.1 General and Application.- 11.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 11.1.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 11.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Unit 24 V to 220 V/10 A to 400 A.- 11.1.5 Technical Data.- 12 D.C./D.C. Converter.- 12.1 Type 50 W to 200 W.- 12.1.1 Application.- 12.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 12.1.3 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle.- 12.1.4 Technical Data.- 12.2 Type 750 W.- 12.2.1 Application.- 12.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 12.2.3 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle.- 12.2.4 Technical Data.- 13 D.C./A.C. Inverters.- 13.1 Type 2.5 kVA.- 13.1.1 Application.- 13.1.2 Type Designation.- 13.1.3 Modes of Operation.- 13.1.4 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 13.1.5 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principle of the d.c./a.c. Inverter Module 2.5 kVA.- 13.1.6 Technical Data.- 13.2 Type 15 kVA (3x5 kVA).- 13.2.1 General and Application.- 13.2.2 Type Designation.- 13.2.3 Modes of Operation.- 13.2.4 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 13.2.5 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the d.c./a.c. Inverter 15 kVA (3x5 kVA).- 13.2.6 Technical Data.- 14 Static UPS Systems.- 14.1 Type 10 to 500 kVA.- 14.1.1 Application.- 14.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 14.1.3 Overview.- 14.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle.- 14.1.5 Technical Data.- 15 Diesel Generating Sets.- 15.1 Standby Power Supply System with Fully Automatic Mains Failure Control.- 15.1.1 Motor and Generator.- 15.1.2 Switchgear Control Cubicle.- 15.2 Mains Independent Island Power Supply System with Fully Automatic Alternating Operation.- 15.2.1 Switchgear Control Cubicle.- 15.3 Fully Automatic Electronic Control System.- 15.4 Fuel Distribution System.- 15.5 Lubrication Oil Distribution System.- 16 Special Features for Transmission System Power Supplies.- 16.1 Power Supply for Radio Link Apparatus.- 16.2 Power Supply for Ground Communication Stations for Telecommunications Satellites.- 16.3 Mains-Independent Power Supply Systems.- 16.3.1 Primary Power Sources.- 16.3.2 Solar Power Supply Systems.- 16.3.3 Passive Cooling System.- 17 Grounding and Potential Equalization.- 17.1 Protective Grounding.- 17.2 Functional Grounding.- 17.3 Functional and Protective Grounding.- 17.4 Selection and Design of Grounds and Grounding Systems.- 17.4.1 Types of Grounds.- 17.4.2 Grounding Main Conductor.- 17.4.3 Grounding and Potential-Equalization Conductors.- 17.5 Design Pointers for Grounding Systems.- 17.5.1 Specific Ground Resistance.- 17.5.2 Measurement of Specific Ground Resistance.- 17.5.3 Measurement of Grounding Resistance.- 17.5.4 Calculation of Ground Resistance.- 17.6 Protection against Overvoltage and Interference.- 17.6.1 Overvoltage Sources.- 17.6.2 Interference in Telecommunications Systems.- 17.6.3 Design of the Distribution Network for EWSD Systems.- 17.6.4 Design of Grounding, Potential Equalization and Lightning Protection for EWSD Systems.- 17.6.5 Special Requirements for Lightning Protection in Telecommunications Towers.- 18 Protective Measures.- 18.1 Protection by Disconnection or Indication.- 18.1.1 Protective Measures in the TN Supply System.- 18.1.2 Protective Measures in the TT Supply System.- 18.1.3 Protective Measures in the IT Supply System.- 18.1.4 Fault Current-Operated Protective Circuit.- 18.2 Protection without Disconnection or Indication.- 18.2.1 Protective Insulation.- 18.2.2 Equipment with Protectively Insulated Parts.- 18.2.3 Protective Low Voltage and Functional Low Voltage.- 18.2.4 Protective Separation.