The Plant Viruses, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1986 The Rod-Shaped Plant Viruses The Viruses Series

This volume of the series The Plant Viruses is devoted to viruses with rod-shaped particles belonging to the following four groups: the toba­ moviruses (named after tobacco mosaic virus), the tobraviruses (after to­ bacco rattle), the hordeiviruses (after the latin hordeum in honor of the type member barley stripe mosaic virus), and the not yet officially rec­ ognized furoviruses (fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses, Shirako and Brakke, 1984). At present these clusters of plant viruses are called groups instead of genera or families as is customary in other areas of virology. This pe­ culiarity of plant viral taxonomy (Matthews, 1982) is due to the fact that the current Plant Virus Subcommittee of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses is deeply split on what to call the categories or ranks used in virus classification. Some plant virologists believe that the species concept cannot be applied to viruses because this concept, according to them, necessarily involves sexual reproduction and genetic isolation (Milne, 1984; Murant, 1985). This belief no doubt stems from the fact that these authors restrict the use of the term species to biological species. According to them, a collection of similar viral isolates and strains does constitute an individ­ ual virus, i. e. , it is a taxonomy entity separate from other individual viruses.

I. Tobamoviruses.- 1 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: The History of Tobacco Mosaic Virus and the Evolution of Molecular Biology.- 2 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Structure and Self-Assembly.- I. Introduction.- II. Structure.- A. Polymorphic Aggregates of Protein.- B. Detailed Molecular Structures.- III. Self-Assembly.- A. Nucleation.- B. Elongation.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Mutants and Strains.- I. Introduction.- II. Isolation of Variants.- A. Source and Properties of a Few Strains and Mutants of TMV.- B. Induced Mutants.- C. Apparently Induced but Possibly Spontaneous Mutants.- III. Contribution of Mutants and Strains of TMV to Virology and Molecular Biology.- References.- 4 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Antigenic Structure.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods Used to Study TMV Antigenicity.- A. Fragmentation of the Protein.- B. Studies with Synthetic Peptides.- C. Cross-Reactivity Studies with Antipeptide Antibodies.- D. Cross-Reactivity Studies with TMV Mutants.- E. Studies with Monoclonal Antibodies.- III. Types of Epitopes Identified in TMV and TMVP.- A. Continuous Epitopes.- B. Discontinous Epitopes.- C. Neotopes.- D. Cryptotopes.- IV. Determination of the Binding Constant of TMV Antibodies.- V. Applications of Serology in TMV Studies.- A. Virus Detection.- B. Virus Classification.- References.- 5 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Infectivity and Replication.- I. Introduction.- II. Infection and Pathogenicity.- A. Viral Ingress into the Plant.- B. Site of Viral Entry into the Plant and the Cell.- C. Virus Movement from Cell to Cell.- D. Long-Distance Virus Movement.- E. Symptom Determinants.- III. Replication.- A. Introduction.- B. Gene Organization.- C. TMV Life Cycle.- D. Cross-Protection versus Replication.- References.- 6 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Epidemiology and Control.- I. Introduction.- II. The Disease.- A. Etiology.- B. Symptoms.- C. Identification.- D. Effects on the Host.- E. Economic Importance.- III. Epidemiology.- A. Sources of Inoculum.- B. Transmission.- C. Environmental Factors.- IV. Control.- A. Resistance.- B. Tolerance.- C. Prevention of Primary Infection.- D. Prevention of Secondary Spread.- E. Chemical.- F. Cross-Protection and Interference.- V. Discussion.- References.- 7 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Cytopathological Effects.- I. Introduction.- II. Crystalline Inclusions.- III. Paracrystals.- IV. Angled-Layer Aggregates.- V. X-Bodies.- VI. Virus Aggregates in Chloroplasts.- VII. Other Types of Cytoplasmic Inclusions.- VIII. Nuclear Inclusions.- IX. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Tobamovirus Classification.- I. Relationship among the Definitive Tobamoviruses.- A. Coat Protein.- B. “30K” Protein.- C. 3? Noncoding Region of the Genome.- D. The Genome.- E. Host Range.- II. Relationships between Tobamoviruses and Other Viruses.- III. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Tomato Mosaic Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. The Virus and Its Strains.- A. Symptomatologically Distinct Strains.- B. Strains (or Pathotypes) Differentiated by Host Resistance Genes.- III. Properties and Composition.- A. Properties.- B. Composition.- IV. Affinities.- A. Serological Relationships.- B. Molecular Hybridization Analyses.- C. Amino Acid Analyses.- V. Intracellular Occurrence.- VI. Epidemiology and Control.- A. Epidemiology.- B. Control.- References.- 10 Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Biological Properties.- A. Virus Strains and Their Economic Importance.- B. Host Range and Symptomatology.- C. Cytopathological Effects.- III. Physicochemical Properties.- A. Purification.- B. Particle Morphology.- C. Virion Properties.- D. Nucleotide Sequence Homology.- E. Protein Composition.- IV. Serology.- V. Interaction of TMGMV with Other Tobamoviruses.- A. Cross-Protection and Interference.- B. Interference at an Early Stage of Infection.- C. Structural Interactions of Particles.- VI. Virus Mutation versus Host-Induced Mutation.- References.- 11 Ribgrass Mosaic Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Biological Properties.- A. Isolates and Strains of RMV and Their Economic Importance.- B. Symptomatology and Host Range.- C. Cytopathology.- III. Physicochemical Properties.- A. Purification.- B. Particle Morphology.- C. Virion Properties.- D. The Coat Protein.- E. Structural Interactions.- IV. Serology.- References.- 12 Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus.- I. Historical Review.- II. Structure.- III. ORSV Mutants or Strains.- IV. Antigenic Structure.- V. Pathogenicity.- VI. Transmission, Epidemiology, Control.- VII. Cytopathology.- References.- 13 Sunn-Hemp Mosaic Virus.- I. Introduction.- II Important Diseases and Their Geographical Distribution.- III. Host Range and Symptoms.- A. Diagnostic Species.- B. Inclusion Bodies.- C. Physiological Changes.- D. Interaction with Viruses and Fungi.- IV. Strains.- A. Probable Strains.- B. Thermophilic Strain.- C. Host-Induced Changes.- V. Transmission.- A. Vector Transmission.- B. Seed Transmission.- VI. Stability in Sap.- VII. Serological Relationships.- VIII. Properties of Particles.- A. Structure and Sedimentation.- B. Ultraviolet Absorption.- IX. Particle Composition.- A. Protein.- B. Nucleic Acid.- X. Biological Significance of the Two Types of Particles.- A. Relative Production of Short and Full-Length Particles in Plants.- B. Separation of Short and Full-Length Particles.- C. Infectivity.- D. Translation of RNAs from Short and Full-Length Particles in Cell-Free Systems.- E. Polyribosome-Associated Coat Protein mRNA in Plants.- XI. Ecology and Control.- XII. General Remarks.- References.- 14 Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Strains.- A. Type Strain (Cucumber Virus 3).- B. Cucumber Aucuba Mosaic Strain (Cucumber Virus 4).- C. Watermelon Strain.- D. Japanese Cucumber Strain.- III. Virus Particle.- IV. Genomic and Subgenomic RNA.- A. Nucleotide Composition and Sequence of Genomic RNA.- B. Coat Protein and 30K Protein Cistron.- C. Nucleotide Sequence of the Assembly Origin and Comparison with That of TMV.- D. The 3? Noncoding Region.- E. Subgenomic RNA.- V. Coat Protein.- A. Amino Acid Sequence.- B. Anomalous Mobility of the CGMMV Coat Protein on SDS—Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.- C. Aggregation State of the Coat Protein.- D. RNA Location in the CGMMV Protein Disk.- VI. Virus Particle Assembly in Vitro.- A. Specificity of the Assembly Reaction in Vitro.- B. Studies on TMV Assembly Using the CGMMV Protein.- References.- 15 Miscellaneous Tobamoviruses.- I. Introduction.- II. The Viruses and Their Natural Occurrence.- A. The Viruses and Their Hosts.- B. Intracellular Occurence of the Viruses.- III. Properties.- A. General Properties of Particles.- B. Composition.- IV. Serological Affinities.- References.- II. Fungus-Transmitted and Similar Labile Rod-Shaped Viruses.- 16 Fungus-Transmitted and Similar Labile Rod-Shaped Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. The Viruses and Their Natural Hosts.- A. The Viruses and the Diseases They Cause.- B. Intracellular Occurrence and Cytopathology.- III. Transmission and Disease Control.- A. Fungal Vectors and Virus—Vector Relationships.- B. Seed Transmission.- IV. Virus Purification.- V. Properties of Virus Particles.- A. Morphology, Size, Structure, and Infectivity.- B. General Properties.- C. Composition.- D. Serological Affinities.- VI. Taxonomy.- References.- III. Tobraviruses.- 17 Tobraviruses.- I. Recognition and Characteristics of the Tobravirus Group.- A. Members and Their Geographical Distribution.- B. General Properties of Tobraviruses.- II. Tobravirus Particles and Their Components.- A. Particle Morphology and Structure.- B. Particle Protein Size and Structure.- C. The RNA Species and Their Structure.- D. Particle Protein Aggregation and Nucleoprotein Reassembly.- III. Variation and Relationships.- A. Biological Variation.- B. Antigenic Variation.- C. Cross-Protection between Isolates.- D. Pseudorecombinant Formation.- E. RNA Sequence Homologies.- F. Pseudorecombination in Nature.- G. Classification of Tobraviruses.- IV. Replication and Genome Strategy.- A. Multiplication in Plants.- B. Replication in Protoplasts.- C. Interactions with Cells.- D. Strategy of Genome Expression.- E. Distribution of Genetic Determinants.- V. Natural History.- A. Diseases Caused.- B. Nematode Transmission.- C. Seed Transmission.- D. Ecology.- E. Control.- VI. Detection and Identification.- VII. Affinities with Other Virus Groups.- VIII. Special Features.- References.- IV. Hordeiviruses.- 18 Hordeiviruses: Biology and Pathology.- I. Introduction.- II. Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus.- A. Main Characteristics.- B. Geographical Distribution.- C. Host Range and Symptomatology.- D. Strains.- E. Cytological Effects on Host.- F. Physiological Effects on Host.- G. Transmission through Pollen and Seed.- H. Methods of Disease Diagnosis and Virus Detection.- I. Economic Significance.- J. Epidemiology.- K. Control.- III. Poa Semilatent Virus.- IV. Lychnis Ringspot Virus.- V. Closing Remarks.- References.- 19 Hordeiviruses: Structure and Replication.- I. Introduction.- II. General Biological Characteristics.- III. The Virions and Their Substructural Components.- A. Purified BSMV.- B. Coat Protein.- C. Polymerization of the Capsid Protein and Virion Reassembly.- IV. Genome Structure and Expression.- A. Multipartite Nature of the Genome.- B. Sequence Relationship among BSMV RNAs.- C. Changes in the Set of Virion RNAs upon Laboratory Passaging of BSMV.- D. Structure of the 3?-Terminal Region of BSMV RNAs.- E. Translation in Vitro of Individual BSMV RNAs.- F. Subgenomic RNAs of BSMV.- G. Replication of BSMV.- H. BSMV-Induced Mutagenesis in Host Plants.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.