Opening Networks to Competition, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1998 The Regulation and Pricing of Access Topics in Regulatory Economics and Policy Series, Vol. 27

David Gabel and David F. Weiman The chapters in this volwne address the related problems of regulating and pricing access in network industries. Interconnection between network suppliers raises the important policy questions of how to sustain competition and realize economic efficiency. To foster rivalry in any industry, suppliers must have access to customers. But unlike in other sectors, the very organization of network industries creates major impediments to potential entrants trying to carve out a niche in the market. In traditional sectors such as gas, electric, rail, and telephone services, these barriers take the form of the large private and social costs necessary to duplicate the physical infrastructure of pipelines, wires, or tracks. Few firms can afford to finance such an undertaking, because the level of sunk costs and the very large scale economies make it extremely risky. In other newer sectors, entrants face less tangible but no less pressing constraints. In the microcomputer industry, for example, high switching costs can prevent users from experimenting with alternative, but perhaps more efficient hardware platforms or operating systems. Although gateway technologies can reduce these barriers, the installed base of an incumbent can create powerful bandwagon effects that reinforce its advantage (such as the greater availability of compatible peripherals and software applications). In the era of electronic banking, entrants into the automated teller machine· (A TM) and credit card markets face a similar problem of establishing a ubiquitous presence.

1. Introduction; D. Gabel, D.F. Weiman. Part I: Networks and Access: Theoretical and Policy Perspectives. 2. One-Way Networks, Two-Way Networks, Compatibility, and Public Policy; N. Economides, L.J. White. 3. Markup Pricing for Interconnection: A Conceptual Framework; B.M. Mitchell, I. Vogelsang. 4. Problems in Creating Effective Competition; W.G. Shepherd. Part II: Case Studies. 5. Historical Perspectives on Competition and Interconnection Between Local Exchange Companies: The United States, 1894-1914; D. Gabel, D.F. Weiman. 6. On the Frontier of Deregulation: New Zealand Telecommunications and the Problem of Interconnecting Competing Networks; M. Mueller. 7. Competitive Access Policies in the Rail Freight Industry, with Comparisons to Telecommunications; C.M. Grimm, R.G. Harris. 8. Social Obligations and Access Pricing: Telecommunications and Railways in the UK; M. Armstrong, C. Doyle. 9. Access Demands and Network Joint Ventures; D.A. Balto. 10. Exclusionary Behavior in the Market for Operating System Software: The Case of Microsoft; G.A. Woroch, et al. Index.

This book addresses the related problems of regulating and pricing access in network industries. Interconnection between network suppliers raises questions of how to sustain competition and realize economic efficiency. New entrants must have access to customers in a competitive industry, but the very nature of network industries limits potential entrants. The large fixed and sunk costs of constructing networks and the difficulty in acquiring the expertise and competencies embodied in the managerial and organizational structure of incumbents in the network industry make it difficult to enter this marketplace. As a result, new entrants, realizing that they may not be able to provide customers with service comparable to that of the incumbents, often look to negotiate an interconnection agreem