Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections

Most books on hematopathology are neoplastic in scope and offer little non-neoplastic content. In Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections, the authors fully describe the hematologic manifestations in tissue and blood of infectious agents, including many rare and exotic diseases found in both Western and Eastern hemispheres, in order to assist pathologists and medical laboratory professionals all over the world in better diagnosing and treating such infections.

Thoroughly illustrated with photographs, tables and text, this book features a wide range of non-neoplastic hematologic disorders, as well as reactive patterns of non-infectious and infectious agents. Comprehensive and state-of-the-art diagnostic materials are described, as are the epidemiology, pathobiology, clinical and pathologic manifestations in blood and lymphatic organs?as well as the approaches to treatment.

In addition, Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections:

• Contains detailed information on the pathology and patterns of blood, lymph node, and a number of bone marrow and splenic infections and infectious agent manifestations

• Thoroughly updates the classic pathology of reactive lymphadenopathies and extends this pattern-based approach to tropical and emergent infections

• Promotes the multidisciplinary integration of hematopathologists and microbiologists in the analysis and diagnostic work-up of tissue and blood

• Complements current major treatises on such tropical diseases as Manson's, Ashworth's, and Doerr's and updates the classic tomes of William St. Clair Symmers and current texts on neoplastic hematopathology

Non-Neoplastic Hematopathology and Infections is an important book for any medical professional interested in non-neoplastic hematology, infections and tissue hematopathology, infectious diseases and tropical medicine, and tropical hematopathology.

Contributors, xix

Foreword, xxiii

Preface, xxv

Acknowledgments, xxvii

Introduction, xxix

PART I Non-neoplastic Hematology 1

CHAPTER ONE Non-neoplastic Disorders of White Blood Cells 3
Rebecca A. Levy, Vandita P. Johari, and Liron Pantanowitz

Overview of WBC Production and Function, 3

Quantitative Disorders of WBCS, 6

Qualitative Disorders of WBCS, 21

References, 26

CHAPTER TWONon-neoplastic Disorders of Platelets 31
Lija Joseph

Platelet Production Structure and Function, 31

Quantitative Disorders of Platelets, 33

Qualitative Disorders of Platelets, 39

References, 43

CHAPTER THREEApproach to Disorders of Red Blood Cells 45
Jason C. Ford

Introduction, 45

The Anemias, 45

The Approach to Anemia, 50

The Polycythemias, 63

References, 63

CHAPTER FOURMicrocytic, Normocytic, and MacrocyticAnemias 65
Reza Setoodeh and Loveleen C. Kang

Microcytic Anemias, 65

Normocytic Anemias, 74

Macrocytic Anemias, 81

References, 86

CHAPTER FIVEDisorders of Hemoglobin 89
Parul Bhargava

Overview, 89

Quantitative Disorders of Hemoglobin, 89

Qualitative Disorders of Hemoglobin, 97

Mixed–Quantitative Qualitative Disorders of Hemoglobin, 104

Double Heterozygous States, 105

Approach to Diagnosis of Hemoglobin Disorders, 106

References, 111

PART II Infectious Aspects of Hematology 113

CHAPTER SIX Apicomplexal Parasites of Peripheral Blood, Bone Marrow, and Spleen: The Genera Plasmodium, Babesia, and Toxoplasma 115
Lynne S. Garcia

Plasmodium, 115

Babesia, 125

Toxoplasma, 128

References, 134

CHAPTER SEVEN Blood and Tissue Flagellates of the Class Kinetoplastidea: The Genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma 139
Raul E. Villanueva and Stephen D. Allen

Leishmaniasis, 139

Chagas' Disease, 145

African Trypanosomiasis, 150

References, 155

CHAPTER EIGHTProteobacteria and Rickettsial Agents:Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis andHuman Monocytic Ehrlichiosis 159
Sheldon Campbell and Tal Oren

Microbiology and Epidemiology of HGA and HME, 159

Clinical Syndromes, 160

Differential Diagnosis, 160

Diagnostic Approach, 161

Prevention and Treatment, 163

References, 163

CHAPTER NINEClinically Significant Fungal Yeasts 165
Ramon L. Sandin

Introduction, 165

Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (H. capsulatum), 166

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 170

Coccidioides immitis, 174

Cryptococcus neoformans, 178

Candida albicans and other Candida Species, 183

Malassezia furfur, 188

References, 193

CHAPTER TEN Hematologic Aspects of Tropical Infections 195
Deniz Peker

Anemia in Tropical Infections, 195

Vascular Purpuras, 202

References, 203

PART III Non-neoplastic Lymph Node Pathology and Infections 205

CHAPTER ELEVEN Classification of Reactive Lymphadenopathy 207
Hernani D. Cualing

Introduction, 207

References, 229

CHAPTER TWELVE Lymph Node Biology, Markers and Disease 231
Hernani D. Cualing

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue, 231

Pathophysiology, 231

Cortex, 232

Paracortex, 240

Sinus Histiocytes, 242

Epithelioid Histiocytes

and Granulomas, 243

Nodal Framework, 243

References, 246

CHAPTER THIRTEENLymphadenopathy with PredominantFollicular Patterns 249
Shohreh Iravani Dickinson, Jun Mo, and Hernani D. Cualing

Germinal Center Hyperplasia, 249

Regressive Transformation of Germinal Center (Atrophic) Pattern, 256

Progressive Transformation of Germinal Center Pattern, 267

Marginal Zone Hyperplasia and Mantle Cell Hyperplasia, 273

Reactive Follicular Pattern, Mixed with Other Patterns, Specific Entities, 276

Mixed Pattern with Follicular Hyperplasia, Microgranulomas, Monocytoid Hyperplasia, 278

Follicular Hyperplasia with Capsular Fibrosis and Plasmacytosis-Syphilis, 282

References, 284

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Reactive Lymphadenopathy with Paracortical Pattern, Noninfectious Etiology 291
Ling Zhang and Jeremy W. Bowers

Paracortical Hyperplasia, 291

Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy, 297

Reactive Immunoblastic Proliferation, 301

Postvaccinal Lymphadenitis, 307

Drug-Induced Lymphadenopathy, 309

Anticonvulsant (Phenytoin)-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorder, 309

Methotrexate-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorder, 312

References, 315

CHAPTER FIFTEEN Reactive Lymphadenopathy with Diffuse Paracortical Pattern—Infectious Etiology 323
Jeremy W. Bowers and Ling Zhang

Introduction, 323

Infectious Mononucleosis Lymphadenitis, 323

Cytomegalovirus Lymphadenitis, 329

Herpes Simplex Virus Lymphadenitis, 333

Varicella Zoster Lymphadenitis, 337

References, 340

CHAPTER SIXTEEN Reactive Lymphadenopathy with Sinus Pattern 347
Hernani D. Cualing

Sinuses and Vascular Supply, 347

Sinus Histiocytosis, Nonspecific, 347

Signet Ring Histiocytosis, 354

Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (or Rosai–Dorfman Disease), 355

Pigmented Sinus Histiocytic Pattern Secondary to Iron Overload from Hemochromatosis, Transfusion, or Hemolysis, 357

Histiocytic Reaction to Foreign Matter, 359

Sinus Pattern from Extramedullary Hematopoiesis, 361

Immature "Sinus Histiocytosis" or Monocytoid B-Cell Hyperplasia, 363

Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndromes, 365

Vascular Transformation of Sinuses (VTS), 366

Whipple's Disease (WD) Lymphadenopathy, 368

References, 370

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Mixed Lymph Node Patterns: Stromal and Histiocytic Reactions, NonInfectious 375
Hernani D. Cualing

Proteinaceous Lymphadenopathy Including Immunoglobulin Deposition Lymphadenopathy, 375

Lymph Node Fibrosis or Fibrotic Changes, Nonspecific, 377

Inflammatory Pseudotumor of Lymph Nodes, 379

Fatty Replacement or Fatty Changes, Nonspecific, 383

Tumor Reactive Granulomatas, 384

References, 386

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Mixed Lymph Node Patterns: Including Granulomatous Lymphadenopathy, Noninfectious 389
Xiaohui Zhang and Hernani D. Cualing

Mixed Pattern with Follicular Hyperplasia and Eosinophilia, 389

Mixed Nonnecrotizing ‘‘Dry’’ Granulomas, 396

Mixed Pattern with Hemorrhage and Infarction, 404

Mixed Necrotizing Pattern with No or Minimal Granulomas, 406

Necrotizing Nonsuppurative Granulomatas, 410

Necrotizing Suppurative Granulomatas, 413

Granulomatous Change within Germinal Centers, 415

Mixed Pattern with Plasmacytosis, 418

References, 420

CHAPTER NINETEEN Mixed Patterns in Lymph Node, Suppurative Necrotizing Granulomatous Infectious Lymphadenopathy 427
Hernani D. Cualing and Gary Hellerman

Cat-Scratch Disease, 427

Tularemia, 431

Lymphogranuloma venereum, 433

Chancroid, H. ducreyi, 434

Yersinia enterocolitica/pseudotuberculosis Lymphadenitis, 435

Brucellosis, 437

Melioidosis, 439

Typhoid Lymphadenitis (Salmonella typhi), 442

References, 444

CHAPTER TWENTY Mixed Patterns: Emergent/Tropical Infections with Characterized Lymphadenopathy 447
Hernani D. Cualing

Mixed Pattern with Granulomatas and Diagnostic Microorganisms, 447

Lymphadenopathy Secondary to Localized Filariasis, 449

Schistosomiasis, 453

Leishmaniasis, 454

Mixed Pattern with Granulomas and Foamy Macrophages, 457

Mixed Pattern with Deposition of Interstitial Substance, 459

Mixed Pattern with Caseation Necrosis, 461

Mixed Pattern Atypical Mycobacterial Infections in AIDS, 463

Mixed Pattern with Angiomatoid Change, 467

Mixed Pattern with Spent Granulomas and Extracellular Organisms, 470

African Histoplamosis Secondary to H. capsulatum var duboisii, 474

References, 476

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Cytopathology of Non-neoplastic and Infectious Lymphadenopathy 481
Sara E. Monaco, Liron Pantanowitz, and Walid E. Khalbuss

Technical Components, 483

Approach to Cytomorphologic Evaluation of Lymph Nodes, 484

FNA Reporting Terminology, 485

Intraoperative Touch Preparation, 487

Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia, 487

Inflammatory and Infectious Causes of Lymphadenopathy, 488

Other Causes of Lymphadenopathy, 497

Lymphadenopathy in the Pediatric Patient, 504

Use of Ancillary Studies, 504

Molecular Studies, 506

References, 506

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Mixed Patterns In Lymph Node: Tropical Infectious Lymphadenopathy and Hematopathology, Not Otherwise Characterized 511
Hernani D. Cualing

Introduction, 511

Hemorrhagic Lymphadenopathy, 511

Sinus Pattern, 517

Diffuse Pattern with Depletion and Atypical Immunoblastic Reaction, 525

Unusual Granulomas Q Fever, 531

References, 533

PART IV Non-neoplastic Findings in Bone Marrow Transplantation 537

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Non-neoplastic Hematopathology of Bone Marrow Transplant and Infections 539
Taiga Nishihori and Ernesto Ayala

Introduction, 539

Fundamental Principles of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT), 539

Characteristics of Pretransplant Bone Marrow, 542

Hematopoietic Regeneration, 542

Chimerism, 543

Post-Transplantation Marrow, 543

Complications of Hematopoietic Regeneration, 547

Conclusion, 551

References, 552

Index, 559

Hernani Cualing MD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Director of the Hematopathology Fellowship Training Program at the University of South Florida College of Medicine in Tampa, Florida. He is also an active hematopathologist at the Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute there. In addition to his research into such topics as mantle cell and T cell lymphomas, Dr. Cualing has long been fascinated with the analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of non-neoplastic and infectious blood, marrow, and lymph diseases.

Parul Bhargava, MD, is Medical Director in the Hematology Laboratory at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Needham Campus in Boston, and a staff and faculty physician in the Pathology department there. Her primary research interests are in studying hematopoietic neoplasms and newer markers in Hodgkin Lymphoma, but she also has a strong, separate clinical interest in studying the effects of immunodeficiency and infections, particularly HIV, on the hematopoietic system.

Ramon L. Sandin, MD, MS, FCAP, ABP-MM, is a Clinical Pathologist and Medical Director of Clinical Microbiology and Virology in the Department of Hematopathology, Laboratory Medicine, and in the Blood and Marrow Transplant Program at the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida 33612-9497. His special areas of expertise and research interests are in clinical microbiology and virology, and laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. This includes 'wet' laboratory work-ups and tissue section diagnosis as well as molecular diagnostic techniques.