Neurobiology of Brain Disorders (2^nd Ed.) Biological Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

Neurobiology of Brain Disorders: Biological Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Second Edition provides basic scientists a comprehensive overview of neurological and neuropsychiatric disease. This book links basic, translational, and clinical research, covering the genetic, developmental, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying all major categories of brain disorders. It offers students, postdoctoral fellows, and researchers in diverse fields of neuroscience, neurobiology, neurology, and psychiatry the tools they need to obtain a basic background in the major neurological and psychiatric diseases. Topics include developmental, autoimmune, central, and peripheral neurodegeneration, infectious diseases, and diseases of higher function.

Organized by individual disorder, each chapter includes coverage of the clinical condition, diagnosis, treatment, underlying mechanisms, relevant basic and translational research, and key unanswered questions. This volume reflects progress in the field since publication of the first edition, with fully updated chapters, and new chapters on isolation, aging, global diseases, vascular diseases, and toxic/metabolic disease. New disorder coverage includes fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, Restless Legs Syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and more.

Section I: Introductions 1. A Clinical Neuroscientist’s Overview of Disorders of the Brain 2. Disease around the world

Section II. Developmental Disorders 3. Introduction 4. Developmental Disabilities and Metabolic Disorders 5. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 6. Down Syndrome: A Model for Chromosome Abnormalities 7. Autism Spectrum Disorder 8. Rett Syndrome: From the Involved Gene(s) to Treatment 9. Fragile X-Associated Disorders

Section III. Diseases of The Peripheral Nervous System 10. Introduction 11. Myasthenia Gravis 12. Muscular Dystrophy 13. Peripheral Neuropathies 14. Diabetes and Cognitive Dysfunction, Catrina Sims-Robinson

Section IV. Diseases of the Central Nervous System and Neurodegeneration 15. Introduction 16. Spinal Cord Injury 17. Vascular Diseases of the Nervous System 18. Toxic/Metabolic Diseases of the Nervous System 19. Traumatic Brain Injury 19. Epilepsy 20. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 21. Parkinson Disease and Other Synucleinopathies 22. Huntington Disease 23. Alzheimer Disease 24. Cerebrovascular Disease – Stroke 25. Prion Diseases

Section V. Infectious and Immune-Mediated Diseases Affecting the Nervous System 26. Introduction 27. Role of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases 28. Role of Inflammation in Psychiatric Disease 29. Infections and Nervous System Dysfunction 30. Pathobiology of CNS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 31. Emergent Viral infections of the Nervous System 32. Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders 33. Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue 34. Multiple Sclerosis

Section VI. Diseases of Higher Function 35. Introduction 36. Disorders of Higher Cortical Function 37. Disorders of Frontal Lobe Function 38. Stress 39. Addictions 40. Sleep Disorders 41. Restless Legs Syndrome 42. Fear-Related Anxiety Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 43. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder 44. Schizophrenia 45. Bipolar Disorder 46. Pain: From Neurobiology to Disease 47. Migraine 48. Depression and Suicide

Section VII. Diseases of the Nervous System and Society 49. Introduction 50. The Neurological and Psychiatric Consequence of Aging 51. Advances in Ethics for the Neuroscience Agenda 52. Burden of Neurological Disease 53. Stress, Health, and Disparities 54. The impact of isolation on brain health

Affiliation: Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A

Over the past year, Dr. Zigmond and his research team have continued their studies of cellular and animal models to examine Parkinson's disease (PD), which they believe is a multi-factorial disorder. A major focus of the lab is the role of intracellular signaling cascades in determining the viability of dopamine (DA) neurons. They hypothesize, for example, that trophic factors such as GDNF and oxidative stress can both stimulate intracellular survival cascades, including those involving MAP kinases. They further believe that endogenous trophic factor expression can be enhanced by exercise which in turn can be neuroprotective. And they have evidence that protection also can derive from acute exposure to low levels of a neurotoxin, a form of preconditioning. Last year their work included studies of the impact of oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a DA analogue that is concentrated in DA cells and rapidly breaks down to form reactive oxygen species. Results from these and other studies suggest that DA neurons react to stress by initiating a set of protective responses. Learning more about these responses may provide insights into new treatment modalities for PD.

In the coming year, Dr. Zigmond will continue to focus on understanding the strategies DA neurons use to reduce their vulnerability to intracellular stress. For example, studies are underway to determine if inhibition of trophic actor action or of kinase activation will block neuroprotection seen with exercise or GDNF or increase 6-OHDA toxicity. Some of these studies involve the preparation of molecular biological tools that maintain kinases in a constitutively or dominant negative state and/or localize a kinase to the cytoplasm or the nucleus. In addition, histochemical methods are being developed to quantify kinase levels in different cellular compartments of identi

• Links basic, translational and clinical research on disorders of the nervous system
• Covers a vast array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Down syndrome, autism, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, TBI, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia, depression and pain
• Features new chapters on the effects of aging and isolation on brain health
• Expands coverage on disorders, including new chapters on fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and restless legs syndrome
• Features in-text summary points, special feature boxes and research questions