Monoclonal Antibodies, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1980 Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses

On August 7, 1975, Kohler and Milstein published in Nature (256:495) a report describing "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. " Their report has become a classic and has already had a profound effect on basic and applied research in biology and medicine. By the time the first Workshop on Lymphocyte Hybridomas (Current Topics in Microbiology and Im­ munology 81, 1978) was held on April 3-5, 1978, in Bethesda, Maryland, investi­ gators from many laboratories had made hybrids between plasmacytomas and spleen cells from immunized animals and had obtained monoclonal antibodies reacting with a broad variety of antigenic determinants. At the time Kohler and Milstein introduced this new technology, the editors of this volume were involved in the production of antisera against differentiation antigens (K. B. B. ), histocompatibility antigens (T. ]. McK. ), and human tumor­ associated antigens (R. H. K. ). Because of the potential usefulness of monoclonal antibodies in these areas, we each began production of hybridomas and analysis of the resulting monoclonal reagents. One of the most interesting aspects of participation in the early stages of the development and application of hybrid­ oma technology has been observing how the implications of the initial observa­ tions gradually spread first among the practitioners of immunology and immu­ nogenetics, and then to other areas of the biological sciences, such as developmental biology, biochemistry, human genetics, and cell and tumor biology.

I Introduction Production of Specific Antibodies from Continuous Cell Lines in Vitro.- 1 Plasmacytomas and Hybridomas Development and Applications.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental Uses of Plasmacytomas.- III. The Fusion of Mouse Myeloma to Immune Spleen Cells.- IV. Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies.- V. The Use of Cell Fusion to Obtain Functional Cell Lines.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Continuously Proliferating Human Cell Lines Synthesizing Antibody of Predetermined Specificity.- I. Introduction.- II. Specific Antibody-Producing Cell Lines.- III. Preselection of Antibody-Producing Cells.- IV. In Vitro Immunization of Human B Lymphocytes.- V. Conclusions.- References.- II Analysis of Immunoglobulin Structure and Genetics.- 3 Antibody Diversity Patterns and Structure of Idiotypic Determinants on Murine Anti- ?(1 ? 3) Dextran Antibodies.- I. Introduction.- II. Mouse Anti-?(1 ? 3) Dextran Serum Antibodies.- III. Monoclonal Antidextran Antibodies from Somatic Cell Hybrids.- IV. Structure of VH Regions from Antidextran Antibodies.- V. Structural Correlates of Idiotypic Determinants.- VI. Implications from These Studies.- VII. Discussion.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 4 Defining the B-Cell Repertoire with Hybridomas Derived from Monoclonal Fragment Cultures.- I. Introduction.- II. The Use of Hybridomas in Defining the B-Cell Repertoire.- III. The Neonatal B-Cell Repertoire.- IV. Hybridomas Obtained from Neonatal Splenic Fragment Cultures.- References.- 5 The Use of Hybridomas to Localize Mouse Immunoglobulin Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. The Experimental System.- III. Discussion.- References.- III Detection and Analysis of Human Gene Products.- 6 Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools for Human Genetic Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Monoclonal Antibodies against a Variety of Human Gene Products.- III. Somatic Cell Hybrids.- IV. Erythrocyte-Specific Antigens.- V. Thymocyte-Specific Antigen.- VI. Discussion.- VII. Conclusion.- References.- 7 The Use of Hybridomas in Enzyme Genetics.- I. Introduction.- II. Methodology for Production and Detection of Antibodies against Human Placental Alkaline Phosphatase.- III. Results and Discussion.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Characterization of a Human T-Cell Population Identified and Isolated by a Monoclonal Antibody.- I. Introduction.- II. Production and Selection of Antibodies to Human T Cells.- III. Characterization of a Human T-Cell Antigen Defined by a Monoclonal Antibody.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 9 Mouse × Human Hybridomas.- I. Introduction.- II. Mouse Myeloma Cells Hybridized with Human B-Cell Tumors.- III. Characterization of the Secreted Human Immunoglobulin.- IV. Relationship between Secreted ? Chains and Membrane ? Chains.- V. Relationship between Production of ? Chain and the Presence of ? Chain mRNA.- VI. Production of an Antiidiotype Reagent against the Rescued Human Immunoglobulin.- VII. Summary.- References.- 10 Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Tumor-Associated Antigens.- I. Introduction.- II. Tumor-Specific Antigens and Tumor-Associated Antigens.- III. Human Tumor Antigens—Detection by Monoclonal Antibodies.- IV. Antibodies to Human Neuroblastoma.- V. Detection of Metastatic Neuroblastoma.- VI. Monoclonal Antibodies and Genetics of Human Tumor Antigens.- References.- IV Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes in the Study of Cellular Differentiation and Immunogenetics.- 11 Germ-Cell-Related and Nervous-System-Related Differentiation and Tumor Antigens.- I. Introduction.- II. Immunizations.- III. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Study Spermatogenesis.- IV. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Study Differentiation and Tumors of the Nervous System.- V. Reactivity of Anti-Testis and Anti-C1300 Hybridomas.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 12 Cell-Surface Differentiation in the Mouse Characterization of “Jumping” and “Lineage” Antigens Using Xenogeneic Rat Monoclonal Antibodies.- I. Introduction.- II. Techniques for Obtaining and Characterizing Monoclonal Antibodies to Differentiation Antigens.- III. Properties of Rat Monoclonal Antibodies.- IV. Murine Differentiation Antigens Identified by Rat Monoclonal Antibodies.- V. Patterns of Differentiation Antigen Expression.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 Rat-Mouse Hybridomas and Their Application to Studies of the Major Histocompatibility Complex.- I. Introduction.- II. General Properties of Rat-Mouse Hybridomas.- III. Application of Hybridoma Technology to Studies of the Rat Major Histocompatibility Complex.- References.- 14 Murine T-Cell Differentiation Antigens Detected by Monoclonal Antibodies.- I. Introduction.- II. Detection and Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with Cell-Surface Antigens.- III. Two Antigenic Specificities of Mouse Thy-1 Recognized by Monoclonal Antibodies.- IV. Characterization of Lyt-1 and Lyt-2 Glycoproteins with Monoclonal Antibodies.- V. Identification of Two Previously Unknown T-Cell Differentiation Antigens.- References.- 15 Monoclonal Antibodies That Define T-Lymphocyte Subsets in the Rat.- I. Introduction.- II. Production and Detection of Antibodies.- III. Labeling of Rat Lymphoid Cells with the Monoclonal Antibodies.- IV. Amount of Antigen per Cell and Expression on Other Tissues.- V. Functional Studies.- VI. Inhibition of the Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions by W3/25 Antibody.- VII. Discussion.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 16 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of Mouse Leukemia.- I. Introduction.- II. Characterization of Anti-Thy-1 Antibodies Used for Serum Therapy.- III. Influence of Monoclonal Anti-Thy-1.1 Antibody on Murine Leukemia Cells.- IV. Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies.- V. Combined Surgical and Antibody/Complement Treatment.- VI. Mechanism of Antitumor Effects in Vivo.- VII. Influence of Monoclonal Antibody on Normal T Cells in Vivo.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- V Monoclonal Antibodies to Microorganisms.- 17 Mapping of Viral Proteins with Monoclonal Antibodies Analysis of the Envelope Proteins of Murine Leukemia Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Isolation of Hybrid Cell Lines Producing Monoclonal Antiviral Antibodies.- III. Serological Characteristics of Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies.- IV. Mapping of Viral Proteins with Monoclonal Antibodies.- References.- 18 Monoclonal Antibodies against Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. The Generation of a Diverse Panel of Antiinfluenza Hybridomas.- III. Study of Viral Antigens.- IV. Study of the Antiviral Immune Response.- V. Appendix.- References.- 19 Monoclonal Antibodies against Rabies Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Monoclonal Antibodies against Rabies Virus.- III. Selection of Rabies Virus Variants.- IV. Protection of Mice by Hybridoma Antibody.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 20 Monoclonal Antibodies against Streptococcal Antigens.- I. Importance of Group B Streptococci as a Pathogen in Neonates.- II. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies against Type II and Type.- Group B Streptococcus.- III. Discussion.- References.- Appendix Methods for Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies.- Plasmacytoma Cell Lines.- Fusion by Centrifugation of Cells Suspended in Polyethylene Glycol.- Roger H. Kennett.- Fusion of Cells in an Adherent Monolayer.- Thomas J. McKearn.- Fusion of Cells in Suspension and Outgrowth of Hybrids in Conditioned Medium.- Walter Gerhard.- Cloning of Hybridomas Cloning in Semisolid Agarose.- Roger H. Kennett.- Cloning of Hybridoma Cells by Limiting Dilution in Fluid Phase.- Thomas J. McKearn.- Freezing of Hybridoma Cells.- Roger H. Kennett.- Enzyme-Linked Antibody Assay with Cells Attached to Polyvinyl Chloride Plates.- Roger H. Kennett.- Peroxidase-Conjugated Antiglobulin Method for Visual Detection of Cell-Surface Antigens.- Zdenka L. Jonak.- Radioimmunoassay.- Kathleen B. Bechtol.- Quantitative Absorption/Blocking Assay.- Kathleen B. Bechtol.- Radioimmunoassay for Genetic Screening of Proteins Using Monoclonal Antibodies.- C. A. Slaughter, M. C. Coseo, C. Abrams, M. P. Cancro, and H. Harris.- Binding of Hybridoma Antibodies to Polyvinyl Chloride Microtiter Dishes.- Thomas J. McKearn.- Microcytotoxicity Assay.- Roger H. Kennett.- Thomas J. McKearn.- Immunoprecipitation with Monoclonal Antibodies.- Lois A. Lampson.- Binding Inhibition Using Biosynthetically Labeled Monoclonal Antibody.- Lois A. Lampson.- Protein lodination Suitable for Labeling Hybridoma Antibodies.- Dennis M. Klinman and J. C. Howard.- Method for Growing Hybridomas in Rats or Mice.- Thomas J. McKearn.- Zdenka L. Jonak.- Characterization of Hybridoma Immunoglobulins by Sodium Dodecylsulf ate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.- J. B. Haas and Roger H. Kennett.- The Calculation of Antigen-Antibody Binding Constants by Radioimmunoassay.- Mark E. Frankel.- References to Other Methods.