Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications

The Definitive, Comprehensive Guide to Cutting-Edge Millimeter Wave Wireless Design

?This is a great book on mmWave systems that covers many aspects of the technology targeted for beginners all the way to the advanced users. The authors are some of the most credible scholars I know of who are well respected by the industry. I highly recommend studying this book in detail.?
?Ali Sadri, Ph.D., Sr. Director, Intel Corporation, MCG mmWave Standards and Advanced Technologies

Millimeter wave (mmWave) is today?s breakthrough frontier for emerging wireless mobile cellular networks, wireless local area networks, personal area networks, and vehicular communications. In the near future, mmWave applications, devices, and networks will change our world.

In Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, four of the field?s pioneers, including Theodore S. Rappaport, Robert W. Heath, Robert C. Daniels, and James N. Murdock, draw on their vast experience to empower engineers at all levels to succeed with mmWave. They deliver fundamental, end-to-end coverage of all aspects of future mmWave wireless communications systems.

The authors explain new multi-Gigabit per second products and applications, mmWave signal propagation, analog and digital circuit design, mmWave antenna designs, and current and emerging wireless standards. They cover comprehensive mmWave wireless design issues for 60 GHz and other mmWave bands, from channel to antenna to receiver, introducing emerging design techniques that will be invaluable for research engineers in both industry and academia.

Topics include

• Digital communication: baseband signal/channel models, modulation, equalization, error control coding, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) principles, and hardware architectures
• Radio wave propagation characteristics: indoor and outdoor channel models and beam combining
• Antennas/antenna arrays, including on-chip and in-package antennas, fabrication, and packaging
• Analog circuit design: mmWave transistors, fabrication, and transceiver design approaches
• Baseband circuit design: multi?gigabit-per-second, high-fidelity DAC and ADC converters
• Physical layer: algorithmic choices, design considerations, and impairment solutions; and how to overcome clipping, quantization, and nonlinearity
• Higher-layer design: beam adaptation protocols, relaying, multimedia transmission, and multiband considerations
• 60 GHz standardization: IEEE 802.15.3c for WPAN, Wireless HD, ECMA-387, IEEE 802.11ad, Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

About the Authors xxiii

Part I: Prerequisites 1

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

1.2 A Preview of MmWave Implementation Challenges 17

1.3 Emerging Applications of MmWave Communications 19

1.4 Contributions of This Textbook 27

1.5 Outline of This Textbook 28

1.6 Symbols and Common De_nitions 31

1.7 Chapter Summary 32

Chapter 2: Wireless Communication Background 33

2.2 Complex Baseband Representation 34

2.3 Digital Modulation 39

2.4 Equalization in the Time Domain 49

2.5 Equalization in the Frequency Domain 56

2.6 Error Control Coding 62

2.7 Estimation and Synchronization 72

2.8 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Communication 81

2.9 Hardware Architectures 88

2.10 System Architecture 91

2.11 Chapter Summary 95

Part II: Fundamentals 97

Chapter 3: Radio Wave Propagation for MmWave 99

3.2 Large-Scale Propagation Channel E_ects 101

3.3 Small-Scale Channel E_ects 126

3.4 Spatial Characterization of Multipath and Beam Combining 132

3.5 Angle Spread and Multipath Angle of Arrival 135

3.6 Antenna Polarization 138

3.7 Outdoor Channel Models 139

3.8 Indoor Channel Models 166

3.9 Chapter Summary 184

Chapter 4: Antennas and Arrays for MmWave Applications 187

4.1 Introduction 187

4.2 Fundamentals of On-Chip and In-Package MmWave Antennas 189

4.3 The On-Chip Antenna Environment 198

4.4 In-Package Antennas 209

4.5 Antenna Topologies for MmWave Communications 211

4.6 Techniques to Improve Gain of On-Chip Antennas 225

4.7 Adaptive Antenna Arrays | Implementations for MmWave Communications 235

4.8 Characterization of On-Chip Antenna Performance 252

4.9 Chapter Summary 257

Chapter 5: MmWave RF and Analog Devices and Circuits 259

5.1 Introduction 259

5.2 Basic Concepts for MmWave Transistors and Devices 260

5.3 S-Parameters, Z-Parameters, Y-Parameters, and ABCD-Parameters 263

5.4 Simulation, Layout, and CMOS Production of MmWave Circuits 267

5.5 Transistors and Transistor Models 273

5.6 More Advanced Models for MmWave Transistors 279

5.7 Introduction to Transmission Lines and Passives 288

5.8 Basic Transistor Con_gurations 308

5.9 Sensitivity and Link Budget Analysis for MmWave Radios 314

5.10 Important Metrics for Analog MmWave Devices 317

5.11 Analog MmWave Components 323

5.12 Consumption Factor Theory 370

5.13 Chapter Summary 382

Chapter 6: Multi-Gbps Digital Baseband Circuits 383

6.2 Review of Sampling and Conversion for ADCs and DACs 384

6.3 Device Mismatches: An Inhibitor to ADCs and DACs 393

6.4 Basic Analog-to-Digital Conversion Circuitry: Comparators 394

6.5 Goals and Challenges in ADC Design 403

6.6 Encoders 407

6.7 Trends and Architectures for MmWave Wireless ADCs 409

6.8 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) 421

6.9 Chapter Summary 431

Part III: MmWave Design and Applications 433

Chapter 7: MmWave Physical Layer Design and Algorithms 435

7.2 Practical Transceivers 436

7.3 High-Throughput PHYs 444

7.4 PHYs for Low Complexity, High E_ciency 461

7.5 Future PHY Considerations 464

7.6 Chapter Summary 469

Chapter 8: Higher Layer Design Considerations for MmWave 471

8.2 Challenges when Networking MmWave Devices 472

8.3 Beam Adaptation Protocols 481

8.4 Relaying for Coverage Extension 487

8.5 Support for Multimedia Transmission 493

8.6 Multiband Considerations 497

8.7 Performance of Cellular Networks 500

8.8 Chapter Summary 504

Chapter 9: MmWave Standardization 507

9.2 60 GHz Spectrum Regulation 509

9.3 IEEE 802.15.3c 512

9.4 WirelessHD 550

9.5 ECMA-387 555

9.6 IEEE 802.11ad 562

9.7 WiGig 582

9.8 Chapter Summary 583

Bibliography 585

List of Abbreviations 653

Index 657

Theodore (Ted) S. Rappaport is the David Lee/Ernst Weber Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New York University's Polytechnic School of Engineering. Robert W. Heath Jr. is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University. Robert (Bob) C. Daniels is the co-founder and CTO at Kuma Signals, LLC in Austin, TX. James N. Murdock is an RF and analog engineer at Texas Instruments (TI). Rappaport, Heath, Daniels, and Murdock experienced researchers in wireless system design, also supply future design rules and techniques not currently in standard development, making this an exceptional text for practicing research engineers in industry and academia.

• The first fully comprehensive guide to cutting-edge 60 GHz wireless design
• Prepares engineers to work with tomorrow's most important emerging wireless standards, including IEEE 802.15.3c, Wireless HD, and ECMA/WiMedia
• Covers all facets of 60 GHz wireless design, from channel to antenna to receiver
• By four pioneers in 60 GHz research and implementation, including Ted Rappaport, leader of UT Austin's renowned Wireless Networking and Communications Group