Light Metals 2013 (inc. CD-Rom)

The Light Metals series is widely recognized as the definitive source of information on new developments in aluminum production technology. This new volume presents proceedings from 2013′s Light Metal Symposia, covering the latest research and technologies on such areas as alumina and bauxite, aluminum reduction technology, electrode technology for aluminum production, cast shop for aluminum production, aluminum processing aluminum alloys, and cost affordable titanium IV. It also includes papers from a keynote presentation session discussing impurities in the aluminum supply chain are also included.

Preface xxi About the Editor xxiii Program Organizers xxv Aluminum Committee xxvii 2013 Aluminum Keynote: Impurities in the Aluminum Supply Chain Keynote Session Raw Material Impurities and the Challenge Ahead 5 S. Lindsay Impacts of Impurities Introduced into the Aluminium Reduction Cell 9 J. Metson, D. Wong, J. Hung, and M. Taylor Changes in Global Refining and Its Impact on Anode Quality Petroleum Coke 15 K. Bartholomew Impact of Higher Vanadium Levels on Smelter Operations 21 C. Coney, L. Crabtree, J. Gavin, W. Marcrum, A. Weber, andL. Edwards Impact on Smelter Operations of Operating High Purity Reduction Cells 27 S. Hamilton, and R. Cook Management of Impurities in Cast House with Particular Reference to Ni and V 33 M. Rhamdhani, J. Grandfleld, A. Khaliq, and G. Brooks An Initial Assessment of the Effects of Increased Ni and V Content in A356 and AA6063 Alloys 39 J. Grandfield, L. Sweet, C. Davidson, J. Mitchell, A. Beer, S. Zhu, X. Chen, and M. Easton Alumina and Bauxite Digestion Implementation of Logic Control by DCS to Measure the Caustic Concentration in Spent Liquor 51 A. Oliveira–Santos, A. Carvalho, B. Urakawa, M. Maciel, and A. Santos Study of Influences on the Alumina/Caustic (A/C) Ratio and Discharge Digestion (DBO) Caustic of Through Design of Experiments (DOE) Statistic Tool 55 A. Borges, A. Monteiro, A. Oliveira, B. Urakawa, J. Miranda, and D. Silva Particle Size Distribution Model for Kinetics of Digesting Alumina 59 L. Bao, T. Zhang, W. Long, A. Nguyen, G Lv, J. Ma, and Y. Liu Fractal Kinetic Model for Digesting Alumina 65 L. Bao, T. Zhang, A. Nguyen, W. Long, J. Ma, Z. Dou, and G Lv MAX HT Bayer Sodalite Scale Inhibiter: A Green Solution to Energy Consumption 71 M. Lewellyn, A. Rothenberg, C. Franz, F. Ballentine, F. Kula, L. Soliz, Q. Dai, and S. Moffatt Clarification Sodalite Solids Formation at the Surface of Iron Oxide and Its Impact on Flocculation 77 A. Senaputra, P. Fawell, F. Jones, and P. Smith Improvement on the Operation Management System of Vertical Pressure Filters 83 T. Santos, L. Moraes, A. Sampaio, M. Maciel, H. Lima, J. Miranda, A. Junior, and J. Borges Using a Multivariate Statistical in the Identification of Alumina Loss in Red Mud 87 A. Junior, A. Borges, A. Oliveira, H. Lima, J. Ribeiro, J. Miranda, and R. Podversek Bevill and the Aluminum Industry 91 A. Schoedel New Development Model for Bauxite Deposits – Dedicated Compact Refinery 97 P. ter Weer Red Mud Automatic Control of Drum Filters Operation 105 A. Sampaio, L. Moraes, T. Santos, H. Lima, A. Borges, and J. Borges A New Technology for Dry Disposal of Alunorte′s Bauxite Residue 109 M. de Castro, R. Trindade, R. Pantoja, E. Alves, and A. Martins Pilot Test of Bauxite Residue Carbonation with Flue Gas 113 L. Venancio, J. Souza, E. Macedo, F. Botelho, and G Cé,sar Management of Industrial Waste: The Case of Effective Utilization of Red Mud and Fly Ash at Vedanta Aluminium Limited– Lanjigarh 119 M. Kumar, B. Senapati, and C Kumar Iron Recovery from Red Mud by Reduction Roasting–Magnetic Separation 125 M. Rao, J. Zhuang, G Li, J. Zeng, and T. Jiang Removal of Mé,thylè,ne Blue from Aqueous Solutions Using a Novel Granular Red Mud Mixed with Cement 131 L. Shuaidan, L. Thiquynhxuan, S. Ju, P. Jin–hui, and Z. Li–bo Precipitation and Calcination Environmentally Safe Operation of Barometric Condensers 139 M. Jacobs Hatch – ETI Aluminyum Precipitation Modeling 143 E. Stamatiou, D. Chinloy, B. Ç,elikel, M. Kayaci, and E. Savkilioglu Improve the Classification System in Hydro Alunorte Lines 4/5 147 E. Moraes, H. Haraldsen, C. Junior, J. Ribeiro, C. Magro, J. Chartouni, E. Santos, and D. Gomes Increase in the Stability of Gravimetric Classification System of Precipitation at Hydro Alunorte 151 V. Cruz, E. Moraes, C Junior, D. Rodrigues, A. Sousa, A. Furtado, and D. Silva Experience with Commissioning New Generation Gas Suspension Calciner 155 S. Wind, and B. Raahauge Bayer Process Efficiency Improvement 163 S Gu HyClass&trade, Technology for Improvement of Trihydrate Classification in the Bayer Process 169 J. Wang, J. Herrera, S. Kostelak, and K. Frederic Impurities Metallic Impurities from the Mine to Metal Products 177 S. Lindsay The Control of Fluoride Concentration in ETI Aliiminyum Bayer Refinery Liquor 183 E. Savkilioglu, C. Carton, S. Ertugral, M. Baygiil, K. Dinç,, and S. Aveu Beneficiation of High Silica Bauxite Ores of India – An Innovative Approach 187 M. Kumar, B. Senapati, and C. Kumar Morphological Investigation of Sodium Oxalate Crystals Grown in Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution 191 W. Fu, and J. Vaughan Impurities in Raw Gas and Secondary Alumina 195 S. Kafyavina, A. Ratvik, and T. Aarhaug Low Grade Alumina Sources Innovative Technology for Alumina Production from Low–grade Raw Materials 203 A. Senyuta, A. Panov, A. Suss, and Y. Layner Improving Characterization of Low Grade Diasporic Bauxite to Be Utilize in Jajarm Alumina Plant 209 M. Shadloo, M. Zarbayani, E. Jorjani, and M. Aram The Processing of High Quartz Bauxite 217 E. Gasafl, A. Scarsella, V. Hartmann, and H. Schmidt Appropriate Reduction and Fe–Al Separation of High Iron Gibbsite 223 Z Liu, M. Chu, J. Tang, Y. Han, andX. Wu Influence of MgO and C/A and Cooling System on Alumina Leaching Properties of Calcium Aluminate Slag 229 Z. Long, Y. Li, and T. Chen Calcification–Carbonation Method for Alumina Production by Using Low–Grade Bauxite 233 T. Zhang, X. Zhu, G. Lv, L. Pan, Y. Liu, Q. Zhao, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and J. He Basic Research on Calcification Transformation Process of Low Grade Bauxite 239 X. Zhu, T. Zhang, G Lv, Y. Liu, Q. Zhao, Y. Li, and Z. Dou Research on the Phase Transformation and Separation Performance in Calcification–Carbonation Method for Alumina Production 245 G Lv, T. Zhang, X. Zhu, L. Pan, M. Qin, Y. Liu, Q. Zhao, X. Jiang, and Y. Li Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications Development and Application Mechanical Properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys Processed with High–pressure Torsion 255 S. Kuramoto, I. Aoi, and T. Furuta High–Performance Be–Al Casting Alloys 259 G Schuster, and C. Pokross Structure Optimization of Al–Si–Type Alloys for Thermal and Mechanical High Loaded Components 265 A. Kleine, M. Rosefort, A. Pithan, C. Matthies, and H. Koch Development of High Strength Aluminium Alloys at BALCO 269 M. Kar, S. Prasad, A. Paul, and P. Raghavan Corrosion Resistance Performance Strength and Failure of Ultrafme Grain and Bimodal Al–Mg Alloy at High Temperatures 279 A. Magee, and L. Ladani Process Development of AA3103 Aluminum Alloy for Automotive Thins 283 M. Paes, A. Coelho, R. Netto, and F. Aguiar Casting and Solidification Atom Probe Analysis of Sr Distribution in Al Si Foundry Alloys 291 J. Barrirero, M. Engstler, and F. Mü,cklich The Role of Sr on Microstructure Formation and Mechanical Properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg Cast Alloy 297 M. Zamani, S. Seifeddine, and M. Aziziderouei Modification of the Eutectic Mg2Si–Phase of AlMgSi–Cast Alloys 303 T. Pabel, T. Petkov, C. Kneissl, and P. Schumacher The Influence of Casting Speed in the as Cast Strip Mechanical Properties of 8079 and 8006 Alloys 305 D. Spathis, andJ. Tsiros Effect of Cooling Rate on Iron–Rich Intermetallic Phases in 206 Cast Alloys 311 K. Liu, X. Cao, andX. Chen Effect of Iron in Al–Mg–Si–Mn Ductile Diecast Alloy 317 S. Ji, W. Yang, F. Gao, D. Watson, and Z. Fan Oxidation Behavior of Al2Ca Added Al–5Mg Alloy in the Liquid State 323 Y. Yoon, S. Ha, G Yeom, H. Lint, and S. Kim Effect of the Thermal Modulus and Mould Type on the Grain Size of AlSi7Mg Alloy 327 I. Lizarralde, A. Niklas, A. Fernandez–Calvo, andJ. Lacaze Alloy ALSI30 Cast in the Process of Rapid Solidification and Consolidated in the Process of Plastic Forming 333 W. Szymanski, M. Szymanek, J. Zelechowski, M. Bigaj, M. Gawlik, and B. Plonka Thermal Mechanical Processing Effects of Homogenization Treatment Conditions on the Recrystallization Behavior of Al–1.2Mn Aluminum Alloy Sheets 341 P. Zhao, X. Chen, W. Chen, and Y. Zhang Toward a Recrystallized Micro structure in Extruded AA6005A Alloy 347 A. Bahrami, A. Bakker, A. Miroux, and J. Sietsma Grain Subdivision and Its Effect on Texture Evolution in an Aluminum Alloy Under Plane Strain Compression 351 Q. Ma, W. Mao, B. Li, P. Wang, and M. Horstemeyer Fatigue Analysis of Ultrafine Grained Al 1050 Alloy Produced by Cyclic Forward Backward Extrusion 357 H. Alihosseini, andM. Zaeem Effect of Zn Content and Process Parameters on Corrosion Behaviour of Twin–Roll Cast Aluminum Brazing Alloys 361 M. Diindar, M. Gü,nyü,z, C. Isiksaç,an, and A. Pastirmaci Solutioning and Aging Growth Ledges on Silver–Segregated È,′ (Al2Cu) Precipitates 367 J. Rosalie, and L. Bourgeois On the Aging Behavior of AA2618 DC Cast Alloy 373 P. Shen, E. Elgallad, andX. Chen The Effect of Cold Work on the Precipitation and Recrystallization Kinetics in Al–Sc–Zr Alloys 379 C McNamara, S. Kampe, P. Sanders, and D. Swenson A Novel Solution Heat Treatment of 7075–Type Alloy 383 M. Ibrahim, A. Samuel, S. Alkahtani, andF. Samuel Experimental Study of the Al–rich Corner of the Al–Si–Ti System at 500°,C 391 Y. Li, Q. Luo, J. Zhang, and Q. Li Emerging Technology Transient Microstructural Thermomechanical Fatigue and Deformation Characteristics under Superimposed Mechanical and Thermal Loading in AISi Based Automotive Diesel Pistons 397 R. Morgenstern, and S. Kenningley Mechanical Behaviour of Cold Formed Metal–Polymer Laminate and the Interaction of Its Layers 405 F. 0 Dubhlaing, D. Browne, R. Rennicks, and C. Rennicks Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AA2124–Graphene Self Lubricating Nanocomposite 411 A. Ghazaly, B. Seif, and H. Salem Joining Vacuum High Pressure Die Cast A3 56 under T4 Treatment to Wrought Alloy 6061 417 M. Wang, Y. Zou, H. Hu, G. Meng, P. Cheng, and Y. Chu General Poster Session Applications of the Horizontal Squeeze Casting Process for Automotive Parts Manufacturing 425 P. Dulyapraphant, E. Kittikhewtraweeserd, P. Kritboonyarit, and N. Denmud Characterization ofthe Developed Precipitates in Al–2 at.%Zn–xat.%Mg, (x=1.8, 2, 2.4, 3,4.2) 431 N. Aflfy, A. Gaber, and G Abbady Design and Development of a Permanent Mould for the Production of Motor–Cycle Piston in Sedi–Enugu 437 C. Ilochonwu, and E. Nwonye Development and Research of New Aluminium Alloys with Transition and Rare–Earth Metals and Equipment for Production of Wire for Electrotechnical Applications by Methods of Combined Processing 443 I. Matveeva, N. Dovzhenko, S. Sidelnikov, L. Trifonenkov, V. Baranov, and E. Lopatina Influence of Machining Parameters on Al–4.5Cu–TiC In–Situ Metal Matrix Composites 449 P. Jha, A. Kumar, and M. Mahapatra Effect of Mg Contents on Fluidity of Al–xMg Alloys 453 N. Kim, S. Ha, Y. Yoon, G Yeom, H. Lim, and S. Kim Effect of Process Parameters on Centrifugally Cast Al–Si FGM 457 K. Aithal, V. Des ai, N. S, and P. Mukunda Effects of Minor Sc Addtion on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Casting Aluminum Alloy 463 G Yang, S. Liu, and W. Jie Microhardness, Corrosion Behaviour and Microstructures of Directionally Solidified Al–Cu Alloys 469 A. Ares, C. Rodriguez, C. Mendez, C. Schvezov, and M. Rosenberger Production of Single Cylinder Engine Components through High Pressure Die Casting in Sedi Enugu 475 E. Nwonye, C. Ilochonwu, and C. Nwajagu The Effect of Thermomechanical Aging of Aluminium–Copper Alloy (MATLAB Approach) 481 A. Adegbola, A. Ghazali, O. Fashina, A. Omotoyinbo, and O. Olaniran Aluminum Processing Aluminum Processing I Surface Crack Characterization of Twin Roll Caster Shells and Its Influence on As–Cast Strip Surface Quality 491 M. Diindar, B. Beyhan, O. Birbasar, H. Altuner, and C. Isiksaç,an Aluminum Processing II The Effect of Magnesium Content on Microstructure Evolution during Hot Deformation of Aluminum Alloys 499 T. Watt, S. Yasuda, K Ichitani, K Takata, A. Carpenter, J. Jodlowski, and E. Taleff High Strength Nanostructured Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr Alloy Manufactured by High–Pressure Torsion 505 C. An, H. Lu, and S. Yuan Corrosion Behavior of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Anodized in Sulfuric Acid Containing Inorganic Inhibitor 509 M. Mohammadi, A. Yazdani, F. Mohammadi, and A. Alfantazi Laboratory Simulation of Wear during Hot Extrusion of Aluminium 515 G Kugler, and M. Tercel] The Production of Wrought AlSi30Cul.5Mgl.2Nil.5Fe0.8 Alloy with Ultrafine Structure 521 M. Szymanek, B. Augustyn, W. Szymanski, and D. Kapinos The Structure and Properties of Wrought Aluminium Alloys Series 6xxx with Vanadium for Automotive Industry 527 M. Lech–Grega, W. Szymanski, B. Plonka, S. Boczkal, M. Gawlik, M. Bigaj, and P. Korczak Aluminum Reduction Technology Cell Design and Performance In Depth Analysis of Energy–Saving and Current Efficiency Improvement of Aluminum Reduction Cells 537 F. Yan, M. Dupuis, J. Zhou, and S. Ruan Rio Tinto Alcan AP4X Low Energy Cell Development 543 P. Thibeault, S. Bé,casse, A. Biais, P. Coté,, L. Fiot, and F. Laflamme Energy Reduction Technology for Aluminum Electrolysis: Choice of the Cell Voltage 549 F. Naixiang, P. Jianping, W. Yaowu, D. Yuezhong, and L. Xian ′an Advancements of Dubai High Amperage Reduction Cell Technologies 553 M. Reverdy, A. Zarouni, J. Faudou, Q. Galadari, A. AlZarouni, S. Akhmetov, K. AlAswad, M. Al–Jallaf, W. AI Sayed, and V. Potocnik Development of Low–Voltage Energy–Saving Aluminum Reduction Technology 557 J. Li, X. Lv, H. Zhang, and Y. Liu D18+:Potline Modernisation at DUBAL 561 S. Akhmetov, D. Whitfleld, M. Al–Jallaf, A. Al Zarouni, A. Arkhipov, A. Al–Redhwan, and W. Abou Sidou Industry Test of Perforation Anode in Aluminium Electrolysis Technology 567 Y. Tian, H. Li, L. Wei, X. Cao, and J. Yin The First Results of the Industrial Application of the EcoSoderberg Technology at the Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Smelter 573 V. Buzunov, V. Mann, E. Chichuk, V. Frizorger, A. Pinaev, and E. Nikitin Fundamentals: Modelling Unsteady MHD Modelling Applied to Cell Stability 579 S. Renaudier, B. Bardet, G Steiner, A. Pedcenko, J. Rappaz, S. Molokov, and A. Masserey Impact of Magnetohydrodynamic and Bubbles Driving Forces on the Alumina Concentration in the Bath of an Hall–Hé,roult Cell 585 R. von Kaenel, J. Antille, M. Romerio, and O. Besson Investigation of Electrolytic Bubble Behaviour in Aluminium Smelting Cell 591 M. Alam, Y. Morsi, W. Yang, K. Mohanarangam, G Brooks, andJ. Chen Mathematical Model Validation of Aluminium Electrolysis Cells at DUBAL 597 A. Zarouni, L. Mishra, M. Bastaki, A. AlJasmi, A. Arkhipov, and V. Potocnik Production Application Study on Magneto–Hydro–Dynamic Stability of a Large Prebaked Anode Aluminum Reduction Cell 603 S. Ruan, F. Yan, M. Dupuis, V. Bojarevics, and J. Zhou MHD of Aluminium Cells with the Effect of Channels and Cathode Perturbation Elements 609 V. Bojarevics Magnetohydrodynamic Model Coupling Multiphase Flow in Aluminum Reduction Cell with Innovative Cathode Protrusion 615 Q. Wang, B. Li, F. Wang, and N. Feng Optimization of the Cathode Collector Bar with a Copper Insert Using Finite Element Method 621 M. Gagnon, P. Goulet, R. Beeler, D. Ziegler, and M. Fafard Energy Savings in Aluminum Electrolysis Cells: Effect of the Cathode Design 627 M. Biais, M. Dé,suets, and M. Lacroix Potline Operation I: Smelter Operations Low Power Operation at Aluminium Dunkerque Smelter 635 J. Peyneau, L. Fiot, S. Mermet–Guyenet, and O. Rebouillat Maximizing Creeping Value through Rigorous Methodology 641 B. Champel, and N. Monnet The Quick Shut Down and Restarting of 291 kA Pre–Baked Potline at JSC "RUSAL Sayanogorsk" from May to August 2011 647 V. Buzunov, A. Soldatov, V. Mann, A. Pavin, V. Borisov, S. Zatepyakin, E. Scherbakov, and A. Gouzenkov Production Growth and Future Challenges in Aluminium Bahrain (Alba) 653 I. Al–Ansari, A. Habib, A. Mittal, and N. Al–Jallabi High Frequency Power Modulation – TRIMET Smelters Provide Primary Control Power for Stabilizing the Frequency in the Electricity Grid 659 A. Lutzerath Autonomous Vehicle and Smelter Technologies 663 A. Tews, and P. Borges Preventive Maintenance of Transport Vehicles: Is It Improving Production Stability of a Smelter? 669 M. Meijer Fundamentals: Chemistry Composition and Thermal Analysis of Crust Formed from Industrial Anode Cover 675 Q. Zhang, M. Taylor, J. Chen, D. Cotton, T Groutzo, andX. Yang Liquidus Temperatures of Na3AlF6 –AlF3–CaF2–KF–LiF–Al203 Melts 681 D. Yuezhong, P. Jianping, B. Yunbin, and F. Naixiang The Effect of Calcium Fluoride on Alumina Solubility in Low Temperature Cryolite Melts 685 P. Tingaev, Y. Zaikov, A. Apisarov, A. Dedyukhin, and A. Redkin Conductivity of KF–NaF–AlF3 System Low–temperature Electrolyte 689 J. Yang, W. Li, H. Yan, and D. Liu Numerical Analysis of Ionic Mass Transfer in the Electrolytic Bath of an Aluminium Reduction Cell 695 M. Ariana, M. Dé,suets, and P. Proulx Liquidus Temperature of Electrolytes for Aluminum Reduction Cells 701 D. Shi, B. Gao, Z. Wang, Z. Shi, andX. Hu Effect of LiA102 and KF on Physicochemical Properties for Industrial Aluminum Electrolyte 705 X. Lv, S. Chen, Y. Lai, Z. Tian, J. Li, and H. Zhang Cell Operations and Process Control Improvement of Alumina Dissolution Rate through Alumina Feeder Pipe Modification 713 J. Tessier, G Tarcy, E. Batista, X. Wang, and P. Doiron Reduction Cell Restart Method Influence on Cell Life Evolution 719 M. Lukin, and R. Jeltsch Start of an Aluminum Reduction Cell without Liquid Bath 725 K. Lalonde, B. Audie, W. Kristensen, and T. Snyder A MIMO Modeling Strategy for Bath Chemistry 729 F. Soares, andR. Oliveira Cumulative Distributions of Metallic Impurities 735 S. Lindsay Sodium Content in Aluminum and Current Efficiency – Correlation through Multivariate Analysis 741 L. Dion, L. Kiss, P. Chartrand, G Dufour, and F. Laflamme Gas–Solid Flow Applications for Powder Handling in Aluminum Smelters Processes 747 P. Vasconcelos, and A. Mesquita Operational Experience of Advanced Alumina Handling Technology in a Russian Smelter 753 J. Paepcke, A. Hilck, and S. Marshalko Environment I Reduction in HF Emission through Improvement in Operational Practices 763 H. Devadiga, A. Banjab, M. AUallaf, A. Al Zarouni, K. AlAswad, A. Kumar, G Meintjes, S. Gowda, and M. Khan Trace Element Concentration in Particulates from Pot Exhaust and Depositions in Fume Treatment Facilities 769 H. Gaertner, A. Ratvik, and T. Aarhaug The Study and Applications of Modern Potline Fume Treatment Plant (FTP) 775 D. Xiang, L. Weining, L. Xun, D. Qiyi, and Y. Xiaobing F&,GTC: Combined Treatment of Pot Gases and Anode Baking Furnace Fumes 781 B. Hureiki, C. Lim, A. Periers, E. Bouhabila, G Girault, M. Leduc, and S. Delenclos Compact Filter Design for Gas Treatment Centers 787 P. Verbraak, P. KM, T. Turco, E. Dupon, and E. Engel An Innovative Compact Heat Exchanger Solution for Aluminium Off–Gas Cooling and Heat Recovery 793 E. Bouhabila, E. Naess, V. Einenjord, and K. Kristjansson Latest Filter Developments Increasing Existing Aluminium Smelter Gas Treatment Centre Capacity and Reducing Emissions 799 M. Neate, and B. Currell Reduced Ventilation of Upper Part of Aluminum Smelting Pot: Potential Benefits, Drawbacks, and Design Modifications 805 R. Zhao, L. Gosselin, M. Fafard, and D. Ziegler Latest Developments in Potroom Building Ventilation CFD Modelling 811 N. Menet, G Girault, N. Monnet, C. Turpin, and L. Soulhac Potline Operation II: Equipment Solutions to Address Arc Welding Problems in an Operating Potline 819 B. Paul, Y. ElGhaoui, P. Jadaud, J. Anderson, and S. Foulds Replacement of Damaged Electrical Insulators on Live Cross–Over Busbars inside a Tunnel: A Methodology Based on Risk Assessment and Numerical Simulation 823 D. Richard, A. Yelle, O. Charette, A. Schneider, J. Nadeau, M. Guè,re, Y. Drouet, and P. Brè,me A Thermal–Mechanical Approach for the Design of Busbars Details 829 A. Schneider, O. Charette, D. Richard, and C. Turcotte Study of Technology and Equipment on Magnetic Induction Intensity Weaken for Aluminum Reduction Cells Welding in the Condition of Pot Line Current 837 Z. Wang, B. Cao, T. Yang, J. Huang, and M. Li Potline Shutdown and Restart Secured Solutions 843 A. Hequet Effect of Watering and Non–Watering Cooling Rates on the Mechanical Properties of an Aluminum Smelter′s Potshell 845 A. Brimmo, M. Hassan, M. Ibrahiem, and Y. Shatilla Mathematical Model of Cooling of a Stopped Pot and Its Validation 851 M. Hassan, A. Brimmo, M. Ibrahiem, and Y. Shatilla Environment II: PFCs A Study of Low Voltage PFC Emissions at Dubai 859 A. Zarouni, M. Reverdy, A. AlZarouni, andK. Venkatasubramaniam Continuous PFC Emissions Measured on Individual 400kA Cells 865 D. Wong, and J. Marks PFC and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from an Australian Aluminium Smelter Using Time–Integrated Stack Sampling and GC–MS, GC–FID Analysis 871 P. Fraser, P. Steele, and M. Cooksey Investigation on Formation Mechanism of Non–Anode Effect Related PFC Emissions from Aluminum Reduction Cells 877 X. Chen, W. Li, Y. Zhang, S. Qiu, and C Bayliss On the Mechanism Behind Low Voltage PFC Emissions 883 J. Thonstad, S. Rolseth, and R. Keller Frequency Response Analysis of Anode Current Signals as a Diagnostic Aid for Detecting Approaching Anode Effects in Aluminum Smelting Cells 887 C. Cheung, C. Menictas, J. Bao, M. Skyllas–Kazacos, and B. Welch Reduction Strategies for PFC Emissions from Chinese Smelters 893 W. Li, X. Chen, S. Qiu, B. Zhang, and C. Bayliss Off–gas Analysis of Laboratory–Scale Electrolysis Experiments with Anodes of Various Compositions 899 0. Kjos, T. Aarhaug, E. Skybakmoen, A. Solheim, andH. Gudbrandsen Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) on Smelting Grade Alumina 905 A. Mikhonin, N. Dando, and M. Gershenzon Cell Fundamentals, Phenomena and Alternatives I (2012) A Thermodynamic Approach to the Corrosion of the Cathode Refractory Lining in Aluminium Electrolysis Cell: Modelling of the Al203–Na20–Si02–AlF3–NaF–SiF4 System 911 G Lambotte, and P. Chartrand Effect of Current Density and Phosphorus Impurities on the Current Efficiency for Aluminum Deposition in Cryolite–Alumina Melts in a Laboratory Cell 917 R. Meirbekova, G Saevarsdottir, G Haarberg, andJ. Armoo Cast Shop for Aluminum Production Aluminum Cast Shop I Very High Purity Ingot – An Endangered Species? 925 S. Lindsay The Challenge of Effectively Utilizing Trace Elements/Impurities in a Varying Raw Materials Market 929 G Jha, S. Ningileri, X. Li, and R. Bowers Energy Control in Primary Aluminium Casthouse Furnaces 935 1. Johansen, and S. Stromhaug Metal Contamination Associated with Dross Processing 941 R. Peterson Aluminum Cast Shop II Ultrasonic Degassing and Processing of Aluminum 949 V. Rundquist, and K. Manchiraju Kinetics of Ultrasonic Degassing of Aluminum Alloys 957 N. Alba–Baena, andD. Es kin Removal of Inclusions in Molten Aluminum by Flux Injection under Counter–Gravity 963 J. Zeng, and H. Gu Advanced Compact Filtration (ACF): An Efficient and Flexible Filtration Process 967 F. Breton, P. Waite, and P. Robichaud Electromagnetic Priming of Ceramic Foam Filters (CFF) for Liquid Aluminium Filtration 973 R. Fritzsch, M. Kennedy, J. Bakken, and R. Aune Plant Scale Investigation of Liquid Aluminum Filtration by A1203 and SiC Ceramic Foam Filters 981 S. Bao, M. Syvertsen, A. Nordmark, A. Kvithyld, T. Engh, and M. Tangstad Casting Practices Influencing Inclusion Distributions in Billets 987 G Razaz, and T. Carlberg Oxidation of Commercial Purity Aluminium Melts: An Experimental Study 993 S. Bonner, J. Taylor, J. Yao, and M. Rhamdhani Aluminum Cast Shop HI Optimisation of Grain Refinement 1001 R. Vainik, J. Courtenay, and B. Saglam Grain Refiner for Al–Si Alloys 1009 H. Nadendla, M. Nowak, and L. Bolzoni Production of Al–Ti–B Grain Refining Master Alloys from B203 and K2TiF6 by Microwave Irradiation 1013 S. Zhou Effects of Yb Additions on Refinement of Eutectic Si in Al–5Si Alloys 1017 J. Li, and P. Schumacher Influence of Vanadium on the Microstructure of A356 Foundry Alloy 1023 T. Ludwig, P. Schaffer, and L. Arnberg Aluminum Cast Shop IV Influence of Die and Casting Temperatures and Titanium and Strontium Contents on the Technological Properties of Die–Cast A356 in the As–Cast andT6 Condition 1031 S. Fischer, V. Groten, J. Brachmann, C. Fix, T. Vossel, and A. Biihrig–Polaczek Horizontal Single Belt Strip Casting (HSBC) of Al–Mg–Sc–Zr Alloys 1037 M. Celikin, D. Li, L. Calzado, M. Isac, and R. Guthrie Electrode Technology for Aluminium Production Anode Raw Materials Review of Different Techniques to Study the Interaction Between Coke and Pitch in Anode Manufacturing 1045 D. Kocaefe, A. Sarkar, S. Das, S. Amrani, D. Bhattacharyay, D. Sarkar, Y. Kocaefe, B. Morais, andM. Gagnon Observations on the Coke Air Reactivity Test 1051 K. Neyrey, L. Edwards, and J. Marino Impurity Removal from Petroleum Coke 1057 A. Gagnon, N Backhouse, H. Darmstadt, E. Ryan, L. Dyer, and D. Dixon Calcined Coke Round Robin 19 and the Precision of Bulk Density Tests 1063 M. Lubin, L. Edwards, and L. Lossius A Method for the Rapid Characterisation of Petroleum Coke Microstructure Using Polarised Light Microscopy 1069 A. Innus, A. Jomphe, andH. Darmstadt Improvements of Vibrated Bulk Density Analysis at VM–CBA and Petrocoque S.A 1075 J. Pardo, E. daSilva, P. da Silva, and A. Nantes Influence of GPC Properties on the CPC Quality 1079 J. Zhao, Q. Zhao, Q. Zhao, L. Yu, and P. Yu Quality of Calcined Petroleum Coke and Its Influence on Aluminium Smelting 1085 J. Subero Paste Plant Operations A Green Anode Plant Performance Analysis Tool Fully Embedded in the Plant Control System 1091 X. Genin, and P. Calo Measures to Prevent Baked Anode Density Drop When Using High Porosity Cokes 1097 V. Piffer, C. Woo, F. Niceas, R. Bacelar, J. Araujo, and L. Paulino New Green Anode Plant at EMAL – Start–Up and Operation in the First 2 Years 1101 R. Akhtar, R. Gemein, and M. Beilstein Improving Baked Anode Density and Air Permeability through Process Optimization and Coke Blending 1105 B. Ndjom, M. Malik, A. AlMarzouqi, T. Sahu, and S. Rabba Development of an Analytical Dynamic Model of a Vibro–Compactor Used in Carbon Anode Production 1111 F. Rebaï,ne, M. Bouazara, D. Marceau, D. Kocaefe, and B. Morals Driving Cost Reduction and Carbon Plant Productivity Improvement through Theory of Constraints and Planned Maintenance Capability 1117 K. Sinclair, andB. Sadler Optimum Vibration Time for Green Anode Production 1123 S. Gao, C. Bao, S. Zhang, H. Wang, J. Woo, and E. Cutshall Comparison of Mixing Process Methods in Prebaked Anode Production 1127 S. Yi, G Huai, Z. Shanhong, L. Chaodong, andX. Haifei Bake Furnace Design and Operation Hydro Aluminium′s Historical Evolution of Closed Type Anode Baking Furnace Technology 1133 M. Tkac, A. Ruud, I. Holden, and H. Linga Use of Mathematical Modelling to Study the Behavior of a Horizontal Anode Baking Furnace 1139 Y. Kocaefe, N Oumarou, M. Baiteche, D. Kocaefe, B. Morals, and M. Gagnon Study on Anode Baking Parameters in Open–Top and Closed–Type Ring Furnaces 1145 B. Baharvand, M. Siahouei, M. Batoei, and S. Sadeghi Energy Efficiency Improvement in Anode Baking Furnaces 1151 C. Linhares, F. Niceas, R. Bacelar, H. Campelo, M. Silva, J. Araujo, andR. Reis Anode Baking Process Improvement at ALRO 1155 P. Mahieu, N. Fiot, A. Trillat, O. Balu, and C. Stanescu Operational and Environmental Benefits on the New Baking Furnace at Boyne Smelter by Use of an Advanced Firing Technology 1163 A. Himmelreich, D. Maiwald, D. DiLisa, G Cordon, and S. Moodley Laser Mapping of Carbon Bake Furnaces 1169 A. Tews, M. Bosse, R. Zlot, P. Flick, and M. Noonan Anode Quality and Performance Pilot Scale Anodes for Raw Material Evaluation and Process Improvement 1177 L. Lossius, J. Chmelar, I. Holden, H. Linga, and M. Tkac Relationships between Coke Properties and Anode Properties – Round Robin 19 1183 L. Lossius, M. Lubin, L. Edwards, and J. Wyss Application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Predicting Anode Properties 1189 D. Bhattacharyay, D. Kocaefe, Y. Kocaefe, B. Morals, and M. Gagnon A Model for Predicting the Electrical Resistivity of Baked Anodes 1195 D. Bhattacharyay, D. Kocaefe, Y. Kocaefe, B. Morals, and M. Gagnon The Role of Electrode Quality in Metal Purity 1201 S. Lindsay Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon Anode Performance 1207 R. Thome, C. Sommerseth, E. Sandnes, O. Kjos, T. Aarhaug, L. Lossius, H Linga, and A. Ratvlk High Capacity Thermobalance Anode Reactivity Testing 1213 N. Jans sen, J. Baker, F. Cannova, and B. Sadler Diagnosing Changes in Baked Anode Properties using a Multivariate Data–driven Approach 1219 J. Lauzon–Gauthler, C. Duchesne, andJ. Tessler Cathode Materials and Wear Evolution of the Thermo–Mechanical Properties of Ramming Paste from Ambient to Operating Temperature in Hall–Hé,roult Cell 1227 S. Tremblay, L. St–Georges, L. Kiss, L. Hacini, B. Allard, andD. Marceau New Compaction Method for the Production of Large Ramming Paste Samples for 3D Mechanical Characterization 1233 P. St–Arnaud, D. Picard, M. Noë,l, H. Alamdarl, D. Zlegler, and M. Fafard Technology for Manufacturing Cathodes Used in Aluminum Reduction in China 1239 H. Yang, F. Llu, S. Cal, andX. Yang The Effect Of Cryolite on the Formation of Aluminum Carbide at the Carbon Aluminum Interface 1245 B. Novak, K Tschö,pe, A. Ratvlk, and T. Grande Critical Reflections on Laboratory Wear Tests for Ranking Commercial Cathode Materials in Aluminium Cells 1251 K. Tschö,pe, A. Store, E. Skybakmoen, A. Solhelm, T. Grande, and A. Ratvlk Model for Excessive Cathode Wear by a "Carbon Pump" at the Cell Bottom 1257 A. Solheim, and K. Tschö,pe Characterization of Porous Structure and Its Correlation to Sodium Expansion of Graphite Cathode Materials Using Image Analysis 1263 X. Li, J. Xue, and T. Chen Studies on the Resistance to Alkali Metal Penetration of Binders for TiB2–C Composite Cathode Materials 1269 Z. Fang, K. Zhang, Y. Lai, L. Li, and J. Zhu Inert Anodes, Cell Materials and Alternative Processes Mechanically Alloyed Cu–Ni–Fe–Y Material as Inert Anode for Al Production 1277 V. Ouvarov–Bancalero, D. Quay, and L. Roue Cold Spray Deposition of Mechanically Alloyed Cu–Ni–Fe Material for Application as Inert Anodes for Aluminum Production 1283 G Goupil, S. Helle, E. Irissou, D. Poirier, J. Legoux, D. Quay, and L. Roué, Initial 1000A Aluminum Electrolysis Testing in Potassium Cryolite–Based Electrolyte 1289 J. Hryn, O. Tkacheva, and J. Spangenberger Electrochemical Behavior of Cermet Anodes in Na3AlF6–K3AlF6–Based Low–Melting Electrolytes for Aluminum Electrolysis 1295 G. Wang, andX. Sun Production of Aluminum Sulfide through Carbosulfidation Utilising H2S 1299 N. Huda, M. Rhamdhani, G Brooks, B. Monaghan, and L. Prentice Microstructural Evolution of Cast Iron Used for Cathode Rodding in Aluminum Electrolysis Cell 1305 A. Hekmat–Ardakan, G Soucy, and L. Rivoaland Preparing Al–Sc–Zr Alloys in Aluminum Electrolysis Process 1311 Y. Qian, J. Xue, Q. Liu, and J. Zhu CBF Environmental &, Anode Electrical Connections Fume Treatment Systems Based on RTO Technology for Carbon Baking Furnaces 1317 M. Hagen, and B. Schricker AHEX–A New, Combined Waste Heat Recovery and Emission Control System for Anode Bake Furnaces 1323 A. Sorhuus, S. Ose, and G Wedde Successful Start–Up of the Fume Treatment Centre at Boyne Smelter Carbon Bake Furnace #4 1329 J. Higley, G Cordon, P. Klut, R. Oliana, E. Dupon, T. Turco, and E. Engel Thermo–Electro–Mechanical Characterization of Anode Interfaces at Operating Conditions 1335 H. Fortin, M. Martin, N. Kandev, G Gauvin, D. Ziegler, and M. Fafard A Fully Coupled Thermal–Electrical–Mechanical Transient FEA Model for a 3D Anode Assembly 1341 D. Gunasegaram, and D. Molenaar Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Voltage Drop in Anode Assemblies 1347 E. Jeddi, D. Marceau, L. Kiss, L. St–Georges, D. Laroche, and L. Hacini Optimization of the Anode–Stub Contact: Effect of Casting Temperature, Contact Stress, Temperature and Surface Roughness 1353 B. Oye, A. Store, E. Haugland, and J. Hop Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting the Electrical Performance of the Stub to Carbon Connection... 1359 D. Molenaar, T. Kilpatrick, and A. Montalto Author Index 1365 Subject Index 1371