The Knee and the Cruciate Ligaments, 1990 Anatomy Biomechanics Clinical Aspects Reconstruction Complications Rehabilitation

This book summarizes the experience gained by the Orthopedic Study Group for the Knee (OAK) of the Swiss Orthopedic Society in dealing with knee problems relating to deficiencies of the cruciate ligaments. The editors, R.P. Jakob and H.-U.Staubli, have collaborated with international authorities to produce this ex­ cellent work dealing with a great many aspects of knee surgery and especially the problems of the cruciate ligaments. For clarity, the book begins with definitions and explanations of basic biomechan­ ical terms. The chapters on Anatomy and Biomechanics present up-to-date scien­ tific information based on anatomic and biomechanical principles as they are ap­ plied in modern knee surgery. The second part of the book focuses on the OAK-sanctioned approach to knee documentation and evaluation, which is a valuable supplement to other knee evaluation schemes. The European Society for Knee Surgery (ESKA) and the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) are currently at­ tempting to combine the advantages of the OAK system with an internationally valid evaluation scheme to create a standard evaluation and documentation sys­ tem that will be acceptable to all physicians.

Terms, Definitions, and Glossaries.- Historical and Current Perspectives in the Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency.- Anatomy and Biomechanics.- Surgical Anatomy of the Knee Joint.- The Popliteus Muscle.- Structural Molecules in Articular Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments.- Functional Anatomy of the Cruciate Ligaments.- Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Three-Dimensional Problem.- Significance of Anatomy and Biomechanics.- OAK Knee Documentation and Evaluation.- OAK Knee Evaluation: A New Way to Assess Knee Ligament Injuries.- Evaluation of Knee Ligament Injuries: The OAK and IKDC Forms.- Diagnosis, Pathomechanics, and Pathomorphology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency.- Diagnosis of Acute Tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament, and the Clinical Features of Chronic Anterior Instability.- Pathomechanical and Clinical Concepts of the Pivot Shift Phenomenon.- Anterior Subluxation in Knees with Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency: A Comparison of Arthrometry and Stressradiography.- Our Current Technique of Stressradiography Near Extension.- Anterior Subluxation in the Chronically Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee: Comparison of Simultaneous Arthrometry and Stressradiography Using the KT1000.- The Various Faces of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears During Arthroscopic Examination.- New Imaging Techniques.- The Drawer Simulator: A Practice-Oriented Training Device for Anteroposterior Stability Testing in the Knee.- Morphology and Function of the Cruciate Ligaments in a Computer Simulation Model.- Production of Mechanical Knee Models for Training.- Femoropatellar Problems Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency.- Classification of Meniscal Tears Associated with Lesions of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- Natural History of Untreated Tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- Natural History of Associated Intraarticular Pathology in the Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knee.- Aplasia of the Cruciate Ligaments.- Concepts and Experience in the Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Disorders.- Healing Processes.- Morphologic Ultrastructure of Repaired and Reconstructed Ligaments.- Indications for the Operative and Conservative Treatment of Cruciate Ligament Injuries.- Indications for Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Recapitulation.- Acute Tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- Treatment of Acute Tears.- Primary Repair of Acute Ruptures.- Late Results after Primary Repair.- Avulsion Fractures of the Intercondylar Eminence in Adolescents: Pathophysiology, Case Material, and Late Results.- Dislocation of the Knee.- Injuries of the Collateral Ligaments and Menisc.- Instability of the Medial Collateral Ligament: Operative or Nonoperative Treatment?.- Treatment of Combined Injuries of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Complex.- Meniscus Repairs.- Meniscus Repair with Special Reference to Arthroscopic Technique.- Open Meniscus Repair: Technique, Postoperative Treatment, and Results.- Chronic Insufficiency of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- Autologous or Allogeneic Reconstruction?.- Arthroscopically Assisted Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Preoperative Planning: Two-Tunnel Technique.- Reconstruction of the ACL with a Patellar Tendon Graft Based on the Infrapatellar Fat Pad: An Experimental Study in Animals.- Use of the Semitendinosus Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.- Anterior Cruciate Reconstruction Through a Transligamentous Approach.- Modification of the Clancy Patellar Tendon Reconstruction of the ACL: Analysis of Three-Year Results.- Surgical Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency: Comparison of Results of Repair, Primary Augmentation, and Reconstruction.- Late Results after ACL Reconstruction with an Autologous Free Patellar Tendon Graft.- Extraarticular Lateral Reconstructions.- Arthroscopic Techniques of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.- Kenneth Jones Technique of Arthroscopic Cruciate Reconstruction.- Arthroscopically Assisted Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Free Patellar Tendon Graft.- Arthroscopically Assisted ACL Reconstruction Using Autologous Quadriceps Tendon.- Cruciate Reconstruction under Arthroscopic Control: Technique and Preliminary Results.- Injuries of Posterolateral Structures and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament.- Lateral and Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Knee.- The Popliteus Tendon and Its Fascicles in the Popliteal Hiatus: Arthroscopic Functional Anatomy with and without ACL Insufficiency.- Synthetic Materials for Ligament Reconstruction.- Biomechanical Considerations.- Current Status of Synthetic Ligament Reconstruction.- Synthetic Augmentation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repairs and Reconstructions.- Instability and Osteoarthritis.- Instability-Related Osteoarthritis: Special Indications for Osteotomies in the Treatment of the Unstable Knee.- Monopodal Weight-Bearing Radiography of the Chronically Unstable Knee.- Role of Unicompartmental Arthroplasty in Femorotibial Osteoarthritis with a Deficient Central Pivot.- Complications of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.- Intra- and Postoperative Complications.- Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Complications of ACL Reconstruction.- Rehabilitation and Evaluation.- Aspects of Rehabilitation in the Anterior Cruciate L.ig ament-Deficient Knee.- Functional Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.- Isokinetic Testing to Evaluate Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength after a Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair or Reconstruction.- Concluding Remarks.- Rationale and Benefit of Treating Cruciate Ligament Lesions: The Payer’s Perspective.- Future Outlook.