Kidney in Essential Hypertension, 1984 Proceedings of the Course on the Kidney in Essential Hypertension held at New Orleans, Louisiana, March 18–19, 1983 Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine Series, Vol. 35

The kidney, similar to the heart, plays a three-fold role in essential hypertension. First, it participates in the patho­ genesis of arterial hypertension. Second, it suffers as a target organ of long-standing hypertension, and third, it experiences the effects of antihypertensive therapy. Perhaps most contested at the present time is the involvement of the kidney in the patho­ genesis of essential hypertension. More than a century ago, William Osler put forward three basic hypotheses about the "genuine contracted kidney. "l 1. "The hypertrophy can be regarded as an effect to overcome a sort of stop-cock action of the vessels when under the influence of an irritating ingredient in the blood greatly contracted and increased the peripheral resistance. " Clearly this hypothesis of an "irritating ingredient" is perhaps the most convincing nowadays, and numerous attempts have been made to identify a specific vasoconstrictive agent in the blood in essential hypertension. 2. "The obliteration of a large number of capillary territories in the kidney materially raised the arterial pressure. An additional factor of dimin­ ished excretion of water also heightened the pressure within the blood vessel. " Today we know that fluid volume overload in the presence of reduced renal mass seems to be the most likely mechanism accoun­ ting for renal parenchymal hypertension and, as shown by Guyton's group, for certain forms of experimental hypertension. 3.

The Kidney in the Pathogenesis of Essential Hypertension.- 1. The Role of a Circulating Sodium Transport Inhibitor to Essential Hypertension.- 2. Atrial Natriuretic Factor.- 3. The Physiology and Cell Biology of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Hypertension.- 4. Prostaglandins and Hypertension.- 5. Kallikrein and Kinins in Epithelial Ion Transport.- 6. Renal Afferent Nerves: Evidence for a Role in Cardiovascular Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Experimental Hypertension.- 7. Renal Blood Flow and Function in Essential Hypertension.- 8. The Kidney and Experimental Hypertension.- The Kidney as a Target Organ in Essential Hypertension.- 9. Determinants of Exaggerated Natriuresis in Arterial Hypertension.- 10. Renal Hemodynamics in Obese and Lean Essential Hypertensive Patients.- 11. Sodium and Water Excretion in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure and Cirrhosis.- 12. Comparison of Renal Hemodynamics in Black and White Patients with Essential Hypertension.- Antihypertensive Treatment and the Kidney.- 13. Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists and Diuretics on Kidney Function in Hypertensive Patients.- 14. The Effects of Central Alpha-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Adrenergic-Neuronal Blocking Agents on the Kidney.- 15. Effects of Alpha1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists and Directly Acting Vasodilators on the Kidney.- 16. Diuretics and the Kidney.- 17. Converting Enzyme Inhibition and the Kidney: Effect on Potassium Homeostasis and Renal Function.- 18. Systemic and Renal Hemodynamic Effects of Enalapril in Patients with Essential Hypertension.- 19. Antihypertensive Treatment in Renal Failure.